1、Designation: E 2114 06aStandard Terminology forSustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology2consists of terms and definitionspertaining to sustainable development; and, in particular tosustainability
3、 relative to the performance of buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meaningsand explanations of terms applicable to sustainable develop-ment. In the interest of common understanding and standard-ization, consistent word usage is encouraged to help eliminatethe major barrier t
4、o effective technical communication.1.3 It is recommended that terms used only within anindividual standard, and having a meaning unique to thatstandard, be defined or explained in the terminology section ofthat individual standard.1.4 Certain standard definitions herein are adopted fromother source
5、s. Each is an exact copy. The source is identified atthe right margin following the definition, and is listed inSection 2.1.5 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compoundterms appear in the natural spoken order.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling
6、 and Analysis ofAtmospheresE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental Fate2.2 ISO Standard:414040 Life Cycle AssessmentPrinciples and Framework3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:alternative agricult
7、ural products, nbio-based industrialproducts (non-food, non-feed) manufactured from agricul-tural materials and animal by-products.alternative energy, nsee renewable energy.bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance byan organism as a result of uptake from all environmentalsources. (E 943
8、)biobased products, nproducts fabricated from alternativeagricultural materials and forestry materials, or both.biodegradable, adjcapable of decomposing under naturalconditions into elements found in nature.biodiversity, nthe variability among living organisms fromall sources including: terrestrial,
9、 marine, and other aquaticecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they area part; this includes diversity within species, between speciesand of ecosystems.biological control agents, nliving organisms used to elimi-nate or regulate the population of other living organisms.biological diversit
10、y, nsee biodiversity.biomagnification, nthe increase in tissue concentration ofpoorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanismof dietary accumulation. (E 943)biomass, n(1) All living material in a given area. (2) Anymaterial which
11、is or was a living organism or excreted froma microorganism.DISCUSSIONIt often refers to vegetation.building, n(1) A shelter comprising a partially or totallyenclosed space(s), erected by means of planned forces offorming and combining materials. (2) The act or process ofconstruction. (E 631)buildin
12、g performance, nthe behavior in service of con-struction as a whole, or of the building components.(E 631)building related illness, BRI, ndiagnosable illness of whichcause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specificpollutant source within a building (for example, Legion-naires disease, hyp
13、ersensitivity, pneumonitis). BRI differsfrom sick building syndrome (SBS) conditions because thesymptoms of the disease persist alter leaving the building,unlike SBS where the occupant experiences relief shortlyafter leaving the building.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.71on Sustainability.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 2114 06.2Boldfaced terms are defined in this terminology.3Fo
15、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25
16、 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.carrying capacity, n(1) The theoretical maximum popula-tion of a biological
17、organism that an ecosystem can sustainindefinitely.DISCUSSIONWhile the existence of a carrying capacity for a givenspecies in a given ecosystem is commonly recognized, the specificnumber or range established as the carrying capacity is often debated.cogeneration, nthe simultaneous production of elec
18、trical ormechanical energy (power) and useful thermal energy froma single energy stream, such as oil, coal, natural or liquefiedgas, biomass, or post, nthe stable humus material that is produced froma composting posting, vthe controlled biological decomposition oforganic material in the presence of
19、air to form a humus.contaminant, na physical, chemical, biological, or radio-logical substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air,water, or soil.criterion, nan established precedent, rule, measure, norm, orcode upon which a decision may be based. (E 631)deconstruction, ndisassembly of build
20、ings for the purposeof recovering materials.ecological impact, nthe effect that an activity has on livingorganisms, their non-living (abiotic) environment, and theecosystem.ecological indicator, na characteristic of an ecosystem thatis related to, or derived from, a measure of biotic or abioticvaria
21、ble, that can provide quantitative information on eco-logical structure and function. An indicator can contribute toa measure of integrity and sustainability.ecosystem, na community of biological organisms and theirphysical environment, functioning together as an interdepen-dent unit within a define
22、d area.DISCUSSIONFor the purposes of this definition, human, animals,plants, and microorganisms are individually all considered biologicalorganisms.electromagnetic spectrum, na continuum of electric andmagnetic radiation, encompassing all wavelengths fromelectricity, radio and microwaves, at the low
23、-frequency endto infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light in themidrange, to X rays and gamma rays at the high frequencyend of the spectrum. (As defined by the Institute of Electricaland Electronic Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),5the spectrum ofelectromagnetic radiation consists of gamma rays, wave-le
24、ngths shorter than 0.0006 nm; X rays, 0.00065 nm;ultraviolet rays, 5 nm-0.4 m; visible light, 040.7 m;infrared, 0.7 m0.1 mm; radio, greater than 0.1 mm.).embodied energy, nthe energy used through the life cycle ofa material or product to extract, refine, process, fabricate,transport, install, commis
25、sion, utilize, maintain, remove, andultimately recycle or dispose of the substances comprisingthe item.DISCUSSIONThe total energy which a product may be said to“contain,” including all energy used in, inter alia, growing, extracting,transporting, and manufacturing. The embodied energy of a structure
26、 orsystem includes the embodied energy of its components plus the energyused in construction.endangered species, na species which is in danger ofextinction throughout all or a significant portion of its habitatrange as determined by the governmental entity havingjurisdiction.end-of-the-pipe technolo
27、gies, ntechnologies (such as scrub-bers on smokestacks) that reduce emissions of pollutantsafter they have formed.energy recovery, nobtaining usable energy by consumingwaste through a variety of processes.environmental indicator, na measurement, statistic or valuethat provides a proximate gage or ev
28、idence of the effects ofenvironmental management programs or of the state orcondition of the environment in a given area.exotic species, nan introduced species not native or indig-enous to the area where it is found.exposure, ncontact with a physical, chemical, biological, orradiological agent.flush
29、 out, vthe process of reducing or removing VOCs andother airborne contaminants from a building.green building, na building that provides the specifiedbuilding performance requirements while minimizing distur-bance to and improving the functioning of local, regional,and global ecosystems both during
30、and after its constructionand specified service life.DISCUSSIONA green building optimizes efficiencies in resourcemanagement and operational performance; and, minimizes risks tohuman health and the environment.habitat, nthe place where a population of organisms livesand their surroundings, both livi
31、ng and non-living.habitat indicator, na physical attribute of the environmentmeasured to characterize conditions necessary to support anorganism, population, or community.hazard, nthe adverse effect(s) that may result from expo-sure(s). (E 943)heat island effect, nsee urban heat island.indicator, nq
32、uantitative value or qualitative informationderived from a set of parameters that provides informationabout the state of a phenomenon.DISCUSSIONIt is used for reference or comparative purposes fordecision-making at a specified level.5Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 44
33、5 Hoes Ln.,P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331E211406a2indigenous species, na species that is likely, due to historicalpresence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of itslife span. (E 943)DISCUSSIONAn indigenous species is one having originated in andbeing produced, growing, living,
34、or occurring naturally in a particularregion or environment as opposed to cultivated, domesticated, orexotic.indoor air pollution, nthe level of air pollution in anenclosed environment.DISCUSSIONBased on the definition of air pollution in TerminologyD 1356, indoor air pollution relates to the levels
35、 of unwanted materialin the air.indoor air quality, IAQ, nthe composition and characteris-tics of the air in an enclosed space that affect the occupantsof that space.DISCUSSIONThe indoor air quality of a space refers to the relativequality of air in a building with respect to contaminants and hazard
36、s andis determined by the level of indoor air pollution and other character-istics of the air, including those that impact thermal comfort such as airtemperature, relative humidity, and air speed.indoor environmental quality, IEQ, nthe condition or stateof the indoor environment.DISCUSSIONAspects of
37、 IEQ include but are not limited to charac-teristics of the thermal, air, luminous and acoustic environment.Primary areas of concern in considering the IEQ usually relate to thehealth, comfort and productivity of the occupants within the indoorenvironment, but may also relate to potential damage to
38、property, suchas sensitive equipment or artifacts.integrated pest management, IPM, n(1) The judicious useand integration of various pest control tactics of the associ-ated environment of the pest in ways that complement andfacilitate the biological and other natural controls of pests tomeet economic
39、, public health, and environmental goals. (2)An environmentally sound system of controlling landscapepests, which includes understanding of the pests life cycleand well-timed non-toxic treatments.invasive species, nan exotic species that alters the nativeecosystem and negatively impacts native speci
40、es, resultingin habitat loss, water-table modification, or other disruptions.DISCUSSIONTypically the exotic species adapt to conducive orsimilar growing conditions as those found in the region from which itwas exported. Because such a species usually has no natural enemies(pests, diseases, or grazer
41、s), it flourishes so strongly that the disruptionreadily occurs.key species, na species of special concern for ecologicalreasons. (E 943)life-cycle, n(1) The length of time over which an investmentis analyzed. (E 833)(2) Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system,from raw material acquis
42、ition or generation of natural re-sources to the final disposal. (ISO 14040)DISCUSSIONRefer to the distinction between LCA and LCC.life-cycle assessment, LCA, na method of evaluating aproduct by reviewing the ecological impact over the life ofthe product.DISCUSSIONAt each stage, the product and its
43、components areevaluated based upon materials and energy consumed, and the pollutionand waste produced. Life stages include extraction of raw materials,processing and fabrication, transportation, installation, use and main-tenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as thecompilation
44、 and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potentialenvironmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of economicevaluation that sums over a given study period the costs ofinitial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tio
45、ns (including energy use), and maintenance and repair ofan investment decision (expressed in present or annual valueterms).DISCUSSIONLCC is distinct from LCA in that LCA is an environ-mental review methodology and LCC is an economic review method-ology.microclimate, nuniform localized climate condit
46、ions withina given area.multiple chemical sensitivity, MCS, na diagnostic label forpeople who suffer multi-symptom illnesses as a result ofcontact with, or proximity to, a variety of airborne agentsand other substances.native species, n(1) A species that is indigenous in aspecified area for all or p
47、art of its life span. (2) Used inreference to plants: a plant whose presence and survival in aspecific region is not due to human intervention.DISCUSSIONCertain experts argue that plants imported to a regionby prehistoric peoples should be considered native. The term for plantswhich are imported and
48、 then adapt to survive without human cultiva-tion is “naturalized.”non-point sources, ndiffuse pollution sources (that is, with-out a single point of origin or not introduced into a receivingstream from a specific outlet).DISCUSSIONWater pollutants are generally carried off the land bystorm water. C
49、ommon non-point sources are agriculture, forestry,urban, mining, construction, dams, channels, land disposal, saltwaterintrusion, and city streets. Air pollution from non-point sources includeautomobile exhaust.non-renewable resource, nresource that exists in a fixedamount that cannot be replenished on a human time scale.DISCUSSIONNon-renewable resources have the potential for renewalonly by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place overhundreds of millions of years. Non-
