1、Designation: E2128 01a (Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forEvaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining andevaluating causes of water leakage of exterior walls. For thispurpose, water pene
3、tration is considered leakage, and thereforeproblematic, if it exceeds the planned resistance or temporaryretention and drainage capacity of the wall, is causing or islikely to cause premature deterioration of a building or itscontents, or is adversely affecting the performance of othercomponents. A
4、 wall is considered a system including itsexterior and interior finishes, fenestration, structural compo-nents, and components for maintaining the building interiorenvironment.1.2 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive,disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of the inves-ti
5、gator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipate andadvise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and toplan for patching and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Establishapprop
6、riate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Awarenessof safety and familiarity with safe procedures are particularlyimportant for above-ground operations on the exterior of abuilding and destructive investigative procedures which typi-call
7、y are associated with the work described in this guide.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Win-dows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by UniformStatic Air Pressure DifferenceE514 Test Method for Water Penetration and LeakageThrough Masonry
8、E547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Win-dows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic StaticAir Pressure DifferenceE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-etration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,and Curtai
9、n Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static AirPressure Difference2.2 AAMA Standards:3AAMA 501.2 Field Check of Metal Storefronts, CurtainWalls, and Sloped Glazing Systems for Water LeakageAAMA 502 Specification for Field Testing of Windows andSliding DoorsAAMA 503 Specification for Field Testing of Metal
10、Store-fronts, Curtain Walls, and Sloped Glazing Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefintionsRefer to Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 incidental waterunplanned water infiltration thatpenetrates beyond the primary barrier and the flashing orsecondary barrier system, of
11、 such limited volume that it canescape or evaporate without causing adverse consequences.3.2.2 water absorptiona process in which a material takesin water through its pores and interstices and retains it whollywithout transmission.3.2.3 water infiltrationa process in which water passesthrough a mate
12、rial or between materials in a system andreaches a space that is not directly or intentionally exposed tothe water source.3.2.4 water leakagewater that is uncontrolled; exceedsthe resistance, retention, or discharge capacity of the system; orcauses subsequent damage or premature deterioration.3.2.5
13、water penetrationa process in which water gainsaccess into a material or system by passing through the surfaceexposed to the water source.3.2.6 water permeationa process in which water enters,flows, and spreads within and discharges from a material.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended t
14、o provide building professionalswith a comprehensive methodology for evaluating water leak-age through walls. It addresses the performance expectations1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 on Ext
15、eriorBuilding Wall Systems.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E2128 01a. DOI:10.1520/E2128-01AR09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA),1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.1Copyr
17、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and service history of a wall, the various components of a wall,and the interaction between these components and adjacentconstruction. It is not intended as a construction quality controlproc
18、edure, nor as a preconstruction qualification procedure. Itis intended for evaluating buildings that exhibit water leakage.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this guide requires a knowl-edge of basic physics and of construction and wall designprinciples and practices.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activiti
19、es describedherein are intended to produce a complete and comprehensiveevaluation program, but all activities may not be applicable ornecessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the respon-sibility of the professional using this guide to determine theactivities and sequence necessary to pro
20、perly perform anappropriate leakage evaluation for a specific building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessmentmay indicate that water leakage problems are limited to aspecific element or portion of a wall. The evaluation of causesmay likewise be limited in scope, and the procedures reco
21、m-mended herein abridged according to the professional judge-ment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limits ofthe investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effec-tiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable and inproportion
22、to a defined scope of work and the effort andresources applied to the task. The objective is to be ascomprehensive as possible within a defined scope of work. Themethodology in this guide is intended to address intrinsicleakage behavior properties of a wall system, leading toconclusions that general
23、ly apply to similar locations on thebuilding. Since every possible location is not included in anevaluation program, it is probable that every leak source willnot be identified. Leakage sources that are localized and uniquemay remain and may require additional localized evaluationeffort. The potenti
24、al results and benefits of the evaluationprogram should not be over-represented.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide or as a guidespecification. Reference is made to design features of a wallonly for the purpose of identifying items of interest forconsideration in the evaluation process.
25、4.3 This guide does not address leakage through roofs,leakage below grade, or water that accumulates due to watervapor migration and condensation. It is not intended for usewith structures designed to retain water, such as pools andfountains.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The met
26、hodology presented in this guide is a systematicapproach to evaluating wall leaks and is applicable to any wallsystem or material. It differs from other approaches that arematerial specific or component specific and which are basicallyadaptations of quality control procedures. The sequence ofactivit
27、ies is intended to lead to an accumulation of informationin an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhancesand supplements the information gathered in the precedingstep.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequenceof activities, discussed in individual sections below, are:5.1.1.1
28、Review of project documents.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analysis.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.2 Analysis and InterpretationThe information system-atically gathered during a leakage evaluation i
29、s analyzed as itis acquired. The sequential activities described in this guide arenot intended to imply that analysis and interpretation of theinformation occurs only at the completion of all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents including wall componentshop drawing
30、s will be available and accessible for review. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organizedon a conventional Owner/Architect/Contractor model. Build-ing projects can be delivered in a variety of ways, and theactual method used will dictate the appropriate organization ofthe pro
31、ject documents. Regardless of how a project is orga-nized and administered, the information discussed belowshould be available for review somewhere in the projectdocuments.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings andspecifications and
32、 may also include calculations, wind tunnelreports, correspondence, meeting minutes, addenda, substitu-tion proposals, product literature, test reports, etc. They containthe information necessary to understand the performancecriteria, the design intent, the required materials, and relation-ships amo
33、ng wall components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented overthe course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date with a cross reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and issu-ances of the documents, and understanding the dif
34、ferencesbetween them and the reason for the differences, is part of acomprehensive evaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and thehighest revision number establish the requirements for theproject. Ideally, a set of documents marked “as-built” or“record set” intended to show the
35、actual construction will beavailable.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to regulatory codes and industrystandards. Standards and referenced codes often contain de-fault or minimum criteria that might have been relied upon toestablish the performance criteri
36、a for the wall. Conflictingrequirements between referenced standards and codes, andthose explicitly stated in the project documents, should not beassumed to be a cause of leakage without further investigation.6.2.1 Regulatory codes and industry standards change overtime. The version of regulatory co
37、des and industry standardsexamined as part of the review of project documents should bethose listed with dates in the project documents, or if not listedwith dates, those in effect when the building permit was issued.E2128 01a (2009)2Understanding the history and background of referenced codesand st
38、andards is part of a comprehensive evaluation.6.3 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generated afterthe award of contracts and are submitted to the designprofessional for review and inclusion in the project record. Thesubmittals usually apply to a specific material, component,assembly, or installati
39、on method; and the information con-tained will augment the project documents. There are often anumber of revisions to submittals prior to final approval. Thestandard for the project is set by the submittals approved by thedesign professional. Submittals include some or all of thefollowing: shop draw
40、ings, test reports, product literature,manufacturers recommendations, installation and mainte-nance guidelines, warranties, etc.6.3.1 Test reports provided by manufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by an independent agency. Review the test date
41、s andthe description of what was tested to determine if and how theinformation actually applies to the project.6.3.2 Manufacturers and suppliers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-stances under which a component may not function properly.Project conditions sh
42、ould be evaluated to determine if anappropriate product selection was made.6.3.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendations and guidelines.6.4 Pre-Qualification and Mock-Up ReportsCompliancewith project requirements may have been demonstrated by amock-up test. Mock-ups of complex
43、 wall systems rarely passall tests on the first attempt. The mock-up report should containa clear and complete description of changes necessary to passthe test. Project documents should incorporate these changes,and they should be reflected in the actual construction. Failureto incorporate these cha
44、nges should be considered as a possiblecause of water leakage.6.5 Additional Construction DocumentsAdditional con-struction documents that record changes, decisions, and activi-ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,requests of information (RFI), clarifications, change orders,direc
45、tives, progress photos, inspection and quality assurancereports, test reports, meeting minutes, and correspondence. Theinformation in these documents may augment, modify, orsupersede the design documents.6.6 Local PracticesKnowledge of local and historicalpractices will permit a more thorough assess
46、ment of the projectdesign and construction. The actual construction may beinfluenced in an undocumented manner by local practices.6.7 Missing DocumentsProject documents may be un-available or have missing parts. This unfortunate situation willrequire the determination of existing and as-built condit
47、ions.Rather than verifying the information in the project documents,the information may need to be generated from observationsand measurements of the building.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Performance CriteriaReview of the project docu-ments should reveal what, if any, water resistance performa
48、ncerequirements were specified for the wall. The required waterinfiltration resistance for manufactured wall components suchas windows and curtain walls, expressed as a differential testpressure across the wall to simulate the action of wind-drivenrain, is usually stated explicitly in the contract d
49、ocuments.Alternatively, the required resistance may have been impliedthrough references to industry standards or local codes.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe wall design must be con-sistent with the performance criteria so that the desiredperformance can actually be achieved. The design must includeproperly selected components. The details must provide for theinterfacing and integration of components so that each one canperform individually and so that the components can performcollectively as a system. The details must also address issuessuch as construction
