1、Designation: E2133 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forUsing a Rolling Inclinometer to Measure Longitudinal andTransverse Profiles of a Traveled Surface1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the measurement of trans-verse and longitu
3、dinal surface profiles on paved road, bridge,and airport surfaces using a rolling inclinometer traveling atwalking speed.1.2 It is designed to (1) quantify the roughness of newpavements and bridge decks; (2) Investigate the effect ofvarious construction methods on surface roughness; (3) deter-mine t
4、he location for corrective grinding; and (4) evaluate theeffect of corrective grinding.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem must be used independently
5、 of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
6、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E867 Terminology Relating to Vehicle-Pavement SystemsE1274 Test Method for Measuring Pavement RoughnessUsing a ProfilographE1364 Test Method for Measuring Road Roughness byS
7、tatic Level MethodE1489 Practice for Computing Ride Number of Roads fromLongitudinal Profile Measurements Made by an InertialProfile Measuring DeviceE1703/E1703M Test Method for Measuring Rut-Depth ofPavement Surfaces Using a StraightedgeE1926 Practice for Computing International Roughness In-dex of
8、 Roads from Longitudinal Profile Measurements2.2 NCHRP Report:NCHRP Report 434 Guidelines for Longitudinal PavementProfile Measurement33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elevation, nvertical distance of a point on a traveledsurface relative to the horizontal datum.3.1.2 longitudinal profile, nthe p
9、erpendicular deviationsof the pavement surface from an established reference parallelto the lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.3.1.3 slope, nangular deviation of the traveled surfacefrom the horizontal datum.3.1.4 transverse profile, nthe vertical deviations of thepavement surface
10、from a horizontal reference perpendicular tothe lane direction.3.1.5 traveled surface, nany man-made, solid surface forvehicular travel, for example, highways, runways, rails, bridgedecks, guide ways, race ways.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact spacing, nthe fixed dist
11、ance between theforward and rear measurement supports of the rolling incli-nometer device, otherwise known as the wheelbase.3.2.2 data reading, nthe average of a series of slopemeasurements taken over the data reading interval starting atthe beginning of every data spacing.3.2.3 data reading interva
12、l, nthe distance in which aseries of slope measurements are taken at regular intervals andthe average slope is computed and saved as the data reading.3.2.4 data spacing, ndistance between successive slopemeasurements, equal to contact spacing.3.2.5 feet or wheels, nthe appendages that physicallycont
13、act the traveled surface for the purpose of measuring theslope and/or for providing support to the measurement device.3.2.6 inclinometer, na precision instrument that measuresangular deviations of a pavement surface from a horizontaldatum.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、 E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31 onMethods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2133 03. DOI:10.1520/E2133-03
15、R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Transportation Research Board, 500 Fi
16、fth Street, NWWashington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.7 inclinometer bias, nrepeating, uniform error in in-clinometer readings.3.2.8 measurement line, na reference line along which therolling inclinom
17、eter travels to gather slope data for an elevationprofile. Location of the measurement line shall be establishedat a defined distance from pavement edge or from the center-line or other specified locating reference.3.2.9 run, na sequence of readings from a start pointalong the desired profile measur
18、ement line (straight or curvedas desired) to the end point.3.3 Additional definitions of terms related to this standardmay be found in Terminology E867.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Location of longitudinal and transverse profile measure-ment lines shall be established. The location shall be recorded
19、so that it may be reproduced another time.4.2 As the rolling inclinometer is moved along the measure-ment line, an on-board computer sequentially collects andsaves slope and distance data from the inclinometer and wheelsensor.4.3 Starting at one end of a measurement line, elevationdifferences are au
20、tomatically summed in the direction of travelto create a one-way run elevation profile along the line.4.4 Selected roughness indices, such as those listed in Table1, are calculated, and displayed by the onboard computerscreen; and also road “roughness/smoothness” and “must grindareas” can be reporte
21、d in printed graphical and tabular reportform.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes procedures for collectingelevation and distance data of longitudinal and transverseprofiles on a traveled surface.5.2 Results of this test are used primarily to:5.2.1 Evaluate the roughness of trave
22、led surfaces, using anyof several roughness indices shown in Table 1. Equationsrequired for calculations of various indexes are contained inreferences shown in Table 1.NOTE 1When this test is used to evaluate the compliance of a newpavement surface with contract roughness specifications, the timelin
23、ess ofthe test in relation to the date of the surfaces installation is of criticalimportance. Since most Portland cement concrete surfaces will changeshape within a few days after installationdue to changes in thermal andmoisture gradients which cause curling at joints and cracks and slabedgesfor co
24、ntractor quality control only, it may be desirable to gatherprofile data within 72 h after pavement installation.5.2.2 Investigate the effect of different construction methodson resulting pavement surface roughness.5.2.3 Investigate the curvature of (1) pavement surfaces dueto curling, and (2) defle
25、ction of structural members withinbridges and other structures.5.2.4 Identify the locations in need of corrective grinding.5.2.5 Measure rut depth using computer simulation in ac-cordance with Test Method E1703/E1703M.6. Apparatus6.1 Rolling Inclinometer, with fixed wheelbase spacing. Aninclinometer
26、 is mounted such that it can measure verticalslopes (based on voltage output) along a line connecting thecenters of the single front and single rear wheels. These slopesare converted to elevation difference by use of trigonometricformulas. The inclinometer chassis is pushed at a uniformwalking speed
27、 (avoiding rapid speed changes), along a mea-surement line. Distance traveled is measured by a wheelrotation sensor.6.2 Inclinometer Chassis DeviceAn inclinometer shall bemounted on a chassis supported by a single front and a singlerear wheel in line with each other, such that the chassis is freeto
28、rotate in a vertical plane as it travels along the desired profileline, collecting slope measurements at specified data spacing.6.3 Inclinometer Wheelbase SpacingRolling inclinometerchassis wheelbase spacing is to be in the range of 150 to 250mm (6 to 10 in.) The minimum wheelbase is chosen toencour
29、age the use of large diameter wheels that will be lesssensitive to imperfections in surface texture of the road. Themaximum spacing is chosen to be less than one-half thesmallest wavelength sensitivity of a road roughness index. Forexample, the RN is sensitive to wavelengths as short as 0.5 m(1.5 ft
30、). Other wheelbase spacing may be used when differentdata spacing is required for a specific purpose.6.4 Data Spacing shall be an integer multiple of inclinom-eter wheelbase ranging from 150 to 250 mm (6 to 10 in.).6.5 Data Reading shall be conducted according to one ofthe following procedures:6.5.1
31、 A series of slope readings shall be taken and averagedin a manner suitable to record at minimum one elevation valueat each data reading interval from the start of data collection tothe end of data collection. The Data Reading Interval shall notbe longer than 50 mm because accurate measurement of th
32、eRide Number Index requires a sample interval of 50 mm orshorter per NCHRP Report 434. The average of the series ofslope measurements shall be saved as the recorded datareading.6.5.2 Aseries of slope readings shall be taken over the entiremeasurement session at a data reading interval such that thed
33、ata spacing interval is an integer multiple of the data readinginterval. The data spacing interval as a minimum shall be fivetimes the data reading interval. The collected slope readingshall be filtered with a suitable low-pass digital filter andre-sampled with the data spacing spatial frequency. Ea
34、ch of there-sampled slope data shall be saved as the recorded data pointfor the measurement.6.6 Distance ToleranceThe allowable tolerance on themeasured distance traveled by the device along a measurementline during profiling shall be 6 0.05 %.6.7 Steering, Propulsion and SpeedGuidance shall bewith
35、or without a steering mechanism. Propulsion may be byTABLE 1 Wavelength Sensitivity for Various Road RoughnessIndicesIndex Name Wavelength Sensitivity ASTM ReferenceRide Number (RN) 0.5 to 11.0 m (1.5 to 36.0 ft) E1489Intl Roughness Index (IRI) 1.3 to 30.0 m (4.3 to 98.4 ft) E19264 m (12 ft) Califor
36、nia BridgeProfilograph3.0 to 15.0 m (9.0 to 48.0 ft) E12748 m (25 ft) California Profilo-graph (CPI)6.0 to 30.5 m (19.0 to 100.0 ft) E1274E2133 03 (2009)2hand or motor. Travel speed shall be in the range of 1.5 to 5km/h (1 to 3 mph), avoiding rapid speed changes. Provisionshall be made to correct fo
37、r changes in velocity.6.8 Compensating for Velocity ChangesSince inclinom-eters are very sensitive to horizontal acceleration and decel-eration, a suitable compensation algorithm must be developedto correct slope data at the end of each run. The velocity of theapparatus throughout the measurements s
38、hall be recorded andsaved with the recorded slope measurement points. The hori-zontal acceleration/deceleration shall be calculated for eachrecorded measurement point. The inclinometer error shall becalculated from the acceleration/deceleration data and therecorded slope measurement data corrected.6
39、.9 Data FilteringData from one-way surveys shall befiltered with a second order Butterworth filter, or a filterappropriate for the index being calculated, to calculate rough-ness indexes and to display filtered profiles (for the purpose ofshowing location of bumps).6.10 Unfiltered Data from two-way
40、(closed loop) surveysshall be used to generate elevation profiles of measurementlines. Accuracy of unfiltered profiles shall be within 6 3mm/50 m, plus level error. The reference elevation profile shallbe derived under similar temperature conditions and shall bethe average of three readings at each
41、data reading point, usingan accepted rod and level reference profile measuring method.6.11 Operating ConditionsDevice shall be capable ofoperating in environments with 0 to 90 % relative humidity and20 to 40C (0 to 110F) temperatures.7. Establishing Measurement Lines7.1 Measurement Test Line Locatio
42、nsData may be col-lected on a line or lines placed anywhere on the pavement orother surface, wherever elevation profiles or roughness indicesare desired. For most analysis, the lines will be located alongwheel paths, or will be transverse to the longitudinal directionof the traveled surface. Longitu
43、dinal wheel path lines may bestraight or curved to follow the geometry of the traveledsurface, while transverse measurement lines should normallybe straight. Distance of test lines from joints or pavement edgeshall be part of the recorded data.8. Procedure8.1 CalibrationFollow manufacturers recommen
44、ded cali-bration procedure.8.2 Define Location of Measurement LinesTo ensure re-liable and repeatable data the device shall follow the measure-ment line with a tolerance of 6 25 mm (1 in.).8.3 Profile Data Collection:8.3.1 Sign ConventionPositive slope values indicate achange in elevation opposite t
45、o gravity. Negative valuesindicate a change in elevation in the direction of gravity.8.3.2 Longitudinal Profiles in Wheel PathsIf a longitudi-nal measurement line lies in a left or right wheel path, the startpoints of the left and right line shall be established on a lineperpendicular to the pavemen
46、t edge unless otherwise stated inreport. A unique identification must be given to each measure-ment line together with all other information required for report(see Section 9).8.3.2.1 Collect the elevation differences along the left andright wheel paths. To prevent confusion in interpreting andanaly
47、zing the profiles later, it is suggested that one-way runs bemade in the same direction as the traffic flow. Devices with amirror imaging feature can be used to efficiently reorient aprofile to the direction of traffic.8.4 Calculate Roughness Indices and Must-Grind Areas:8.4.1 Specify one or more in
48、dices as shown in Table 1 andspecify an acceptable range for the index. Specify measure-ment line length and maximum line length for calculatingroughness indexes if they are to be calculated at regulardistances along each measurement line, as well as for the entiremeasurement line. References in Tab
49、le 1 contain the necessaryformulas for calculation of indices.8.4.1.1 Calculate required Roughness Index for each mea-surement line using slope or elevation data that is collected byrolling inclinometer device.8.4.2 Specify the following parameters for calculating“must grind” areas (from California Profilograph data): seg-ment length, blanking band, template length, defect height,safety margin.9. Report9.1 The field report for each test section shall contain dataon the following items:9.1.1 Date and time of day,9.1.2 Operator,9.1.3 Weather conditio
