1、Designation: E 2202 02Standard Practice forMeasurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise forAssessment of Health Hazards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures forestimating the risk of hearing loss among users
3、 of noiseproducing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or station-ary equipment.1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limitlevels or criteria for any application discussed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address al
4、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 634 Terminology Rel
5、ating to Environmental Acoustics22.2 ANSI Standards3:ANSI S 1.1 Acoustical TerminologyANSI S 1.4 Specification for Sound Level MetersANSI S 1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital FiltersANSI S1.25 Specification for Personal Noise DosimetersANSI S 1.40 Specif
6、ication for Acoustical Calibrators3. Terminology3.1 Except as noted in Appendix X1, the terms and symbolsused in this practice are defined in Terminology C 634.3.2 The terms specific to nonmandatory Appendix X1 are inX1.2.4. Summary of Practice4.1 For most equipment generating steady noise, theA-wei
7、ghted and octave band levels are measured at locationsnormally occupied by personnel. The hazard contours aroundthe equipment are also determined in terms of A-weightedsound levels in decibels. In some cases, duty cycle testing isused to determine time-weighted average sound levels.4.2 The operating
8、 conditions for specific equipment typesare in sections as follows:4.2.1 Ground vehicles in 8.2 and 9.2.4.2.2 Construction and material handling equipment in 9.3.4.2.3 Watercraft in 9.4.4.2.4 Stationary equipment in 9.5.4.2.5 Helicopters in 9.6.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard defines measur
9、ement procedures for esti-mating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users ofnoise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationaryequipment. The primary approach is to separately measure thesound level at operator ear
10、locations for each normal operatingcondition. These levels can be combined with operational usescenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposureseverity. The data can also be used to define hearing protectionrequirements or administrative controls to preclude hearinghazard.5.2 The practice ha
11、s the following limitations:5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equip-ment.5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be comparedwith applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of thequantities measured in this standard or which can be calculatedfrom the measured data.6.
12、 Instrumentation6.1 Requirements:6.1.1 Sound level meters and microphones shall conform torequirements for type 1, as specified by ANSI S1.4.6.1.2 Band filter sets shall meet the requirements for Order3, Type 3-D, Extended Range, as specified by ANSI S1.11.6.1.3 Acoustic calibrators shall meet ANSI
13、S1.40.6.1.4 Noise dosimeters shall meet ANSI S1.25.6.2 Calibration:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Environ-mental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.08 onMechanical and Electrical System Noise.Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Publ
14、ished July 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.063Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2.1 All noise measu
15、rement instrumentation shall haveundergone a complete electro-acoustical calibration in accor-dance with manufacturers instruction no more than 1 yearprior to the noise measurement.6.2.2 The noise measurement instrumentation, includingmicrophones and filter sets, shall undergo an end to endcalibrati
16、on check with an acoustical calibrator prior to the startof the measurement, and after completion, on the day of themeasurement. If the sensitivity after the measurements differsfrom the sensitivity before the measurement by more than 0.5dB, the data shall be discarded.7. Test Environment7.1 Test Si
17、teEquipment shall be tested in its exact oper-ating location if the location is known and such testing isfeasible. When this is not possible, the test site shall be auniform flat paved surface or hemi-anechoic chamber. It shallbe free of reflecting surfaces such as buildings, trees, orhillsides with
18、in 30 m. A grass surface, free of ice, snow, orvegetation over 15 cm tall may be substituted if the equipmentis not normally operated on a paved surface.7.2 Background NoiseWhen practical, background noise,including wind noise, shall be at least 10 dB below that of theequipment noise being measured;
19、 however, background noiseshall always be at least 10 dB below the criteria. A windscreenshall be used at wind velocities of 10 km/h or more. Measure-ments shall not be made at wind velocities of 20 km/h or more.7.3 Surface and Grade for Vehicle TestingVehicles shallbe driven along a dry, smooth, pa
20、ved, and level road (1 %grade), free from gravel or other loose material. Vehicleshaving nonrubber-padded tracks shall be driven on level,compact earth. Measurements shall not be made when the roadsurface is wet, covered with snow or ice, or during precipita-tion.8. Measurement Location and Orientat
21、ion8.1 If possible, measure at the probable head position of theoccupant of interest with the occupant absent. If an operatormust be present to operate the equipment under test, measurethe operator position by placing the microphone 15 cm fromthe more exposed ear. If there is a wall or reflective su
22、rface lessthan 30 cm from that ear, measure midway between the ear andthe surface.8.2 For ground equipment or watercraft, sound measure-ments shall be made at:8.2.1 Each operator or crew position.8.2.2 Representative positions where one or more individu-als (for example, passengers) will be located,
23、 and8.2.3 Occasionally occupied positions during typical opera-tion or maintenance of the item or system.8.3 For aircraft sound measurements shall be made at ornear the head positions of all crew stations and at a represen-tative number of passenger stations. Whenever possible, mea-surements should
24、be made with the crew member or passengerabsent. The measurement shall be at the elevation of the centerof the head (80 cm above the seat reference point or, ifstanding, at 160 cm above the floor). If practical during eachmeasurement, the microphone shall be rotated in a 15 to 30 cmdiameter horizont
25、al circle with the microphone sensing ele-ment facing up.8.4 Noise ContoursWhere the steady-state sound levelaround stationary equipment is 85 dB(A) or greater, thedistances and directions from the noise source at which thesound level equals 85 dB(A) shall be determined. The 85dB(A) contours shall a
26、lso be determined for mobile equipmentwhich could, at times, be stationary. The 85 dB(A) contourshall be determined from measurements made around the noisesource at angular increments not greater than 45 degrees, andalso at the noisiest angle.NOTE 1The 85 dB(A) contour is the most commonly used. Cer
27、tainjurisdictions use other values such as 84 dB(A) or 90 dB(A). Forequipment capable of generating very high noise levels additionalcontours may be specified such as a 103 dB(A) contour within whichdouble hearing protection may be required by certain jurisdictions. Forthese cases, the appropriate c
28、ontour level shall be measured.9. Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions9.1 GeneralSystems shall be operated as required toaccomplish their intended missions or functions. The operatingconditions listed are preferred but other conditions may beadded if they are judged to result in more acc
29、urate noiseexposure estimates.9.2 Ground Vehicles:9.2.1 Equipment OpeningsAll windows, vents, and ac-cess openings shall be in the normal operation position. If it ispossible to operate with these in either the open or closedpositions, both configurations shall be tested.9.2.2 Vehicle Speed and Gear
30、The vehicle speed shall bemeasured by a calibrated speedometer or other velocity mea-suring device. Measurements shall be made at either 8 or 16km/h increments up to the maximum vehicle speed. If 16 km/hincrements are selected, measurements shall start at 16 km/hrather than 8 km/h.9.2.3 Load-Carryin
31、g EquipmentAll load-carrying equip-ment shall be operated at the maximum payload including anytowed trailers at maximum payload.9.2.4 All subsystems and auxiliary equipment normally inuse shall be operating. Where heaters and air conditioners maybe used at the same time (such as humidity control) bo
32、th shallbe operated. Where both heaters and air conditioners arepresent, the one producing the higher sound level shall beoperated.9.3 Construction and Materials-Handling Equipment:9.3.1 Duty cycle testing may be used. Define a duty cycletypical of the anticipated use of the equipment. If more thano
33、ne type of duty cycle is applicable, specify the most fre-quently used and the noisiest duty cycles.9.3.2 Duty cycles shall be as short as practical and the noiseexposure of sufficient cycles shall be measured for a minimumduration of1hatrated capacity.9.3.3 The equipment shall be operated at a test
34、 site typical ofthe environment in which the equipment is to be used.9.3.4 Measure the time-averaged A-weighted sound levelLavg(r) at the operator ear position where r is the applicableexchange rate (see Appendix X1).E 22022NOTE 2The exchange rate must be specified if the measurements arefor a juris
35、diction which uses exchange rates other than 5 dB per doublingof time.9.3.5 If the operator is in a enclosed cab, measure Lavg(r)for cab doors and windows closed and cab doors and windowsopen. When the cab doors and windows are closed measurewith all heater, air conditioners and other noise-producin
36、g cabauxiliary equipment operating.9.4 WatercraftWatercraft noise shall be measured undernormal cruise/calm water conditions.9.5 Stationary Equipment:9.5.1 SpeedAll equipment shall be operated at maximum-rated continuous duty speed and other speeds at which nor-mally operated.9.5.2 LoadAll equipment
37、 shall be operated at normalmaximum rated load. The exception is that variable-speedequipment, which is normally operated at less than maximum,shall be operated at two-thirds maximum-rated load.9.5.3 Auxiliary EquipmentAll auxiliary equipment nor-mally in use shall be operating.9.6 Helicopters:9.6.1
38、 Flight ConditionsFlight conditions shall include thefollowing:9.6.1.1 Hover in ground effect (IGE). The helicopter shallbe flown at a height determined by a Z/D ratio of 0.4 6 300mm,where:Z = height of the rotor above the ground, andD = main rotor diameter.9.6.1.2 Level FlightAt lower forward airsp
39、eed of either0.9VHor 0.9VNE,where:VH= maximum horizontal velocity at maximum continu-ous power, andVNE = velocity never exceeded.9.6.2 Gross Weight and Rotor Speed ConditionsNoisemeasurements shall be made while the helicopter is in flight atmaximum design gross weight and at normal 65 % of ratedrot
40、or speed.9.6.3 Helicopter Subsystems and EquipmentThe sub-system and equipment which are normally operated continu-ously for more than five (5) min/h in flight shall be operatingduring flight noise data acquisition. The heater shall beoperated unless an air conditioner is present and generates ahigh
41、er sound level; then the air conditioner shall be operated.Where heaters and air conditioners may be operated at thesame time (such as for humidity control) both shall beoperated.9.6.4 Helicopter ConfigurationThe helicopter shall beoperated in the following configurations:9.6.4.1 With doors, windows
42、, and vents closed, andacoustical/thermal insulation treatment (hereafter referred toonly as acoustical treatment) intact and in place.9.6.4.2 Doors and windows open, removable acoustic treat-ment in place.NOTE 3The maximum allowable forward airspeed for this conditionmay he less than that specified
43、 in 9.6.1.2.9.6.4.3 Doors and windows closed, removable acoustictreatment out.9.6.5 Helicopter Ground Measurements:9.6.5.1 PositionsMeasurements shall be made at the headposition of a representative number of normal maintenancelocations. These measurements shall be made with the aircrafton the groun
44、d. All subsystems which are normally operatedduring ground maintenance (for example, generators, hydrau-lics, environmental control unit) shall be operating. Doors andwindows shall be open. All acoustic treatments and accesspanels normally removed for maintenance shall be removed.9.6.5.2 Conditions:
45、9.6.5.2.1 Engines off, auxiliary power unit (APU) operating(if so equipped).9.6.5.2.2 All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idle rpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (ifso equipped).9.6.5.3 Measurement TimeThe recording time of eachnoise data sample shall be sufficient
46、 to produce a continuous30-s or longer record of analyzed data.10. Data Analysis and Display10.1 Octave band and A-weighted data shall be displayed intabular format representing the measured level as dB, slowmeter response.10.2 Contours shall be displayed on a sketch, either dimen-sioned or drawn to
47、 scale with the scale reference included.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Measured DataPer Section 10.11.1.2 Measurement InstrumentationComplete list ofcalibrated instrumentation (for example, microphone, pream-plifier, sound level meter, calibrator, tape recorder, powersupply,
48、 oscilloscope, frequency analyzer) used for measure-ments, including nomenclature, model, serial number, manu-facturer, date of calibration, and period of calibration.11.1.3 Equipment Being MeasuredComplete identifica-tion of the equipment whose noise is being measured, includ-ing nomenclature, type
49、, serial number, mileage (if appropriate),and any modifications to the equipment.11.1.4 Operational ConditionsComplete description ofthe operational conditions under which the test was conducted,such as speed (for example,23maximum posted speed), rpm(for example, rated engine rpm23 rated engine rpm).11.1.5 Time and PlaceDate, time of day, and location oftest.11.1.6 Test SitePhysical description of the area, includingground surface and reflecting surfaces (if appropriate), a sketchof contributing noise sources, normal personnel operatingpositions, microphone l
