1、Designation: E 2230 02An American National StandardStandard Practice forThermal Qualification of Type B Packages for RadioactiveMaterial1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice defines detailed methods for thermalqualification of “Type B” radioactive mat
3、erials packages underTitle 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10CFR71) inthe United States or, under International Atomic EnergyAgency Regulation TS-R-1. Under these regulations, packagestransporting what are designated to be Type B quantities ofradioactive material shall be demonstrated to b
4、e capable ofwithstanding a sequence of hypothetical accidents withoutsignificant release of contents.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
5、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire haza
6、rd or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards2IEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System2.2 Federal Standard:Title 10, Code of Federal R
7、egulations, Part 71(10CFR71), Packaging and Transportation of Radioac-tive Material, United States Government Printing Office,20002.3 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standards:Standard Format and Content of Part 71 Applications forApproval of Packaging of Type B Large Quantity andFissile Radioactive M
8、aterial, Regulatory Guide7.9, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,United States Government Printing Office, 1986.Standard Review Plan for Transportation of RadioactiveMaterials, NUREG-1609, United States Nuclear Regula-tory Commission, United States Government PrintingOffice, May 19992.4 Int
9、ernational Atomic Energy Agency Standards:Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material,No. TS-R-1, (IAEA ST-1 Revised) International AtomicEnergy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1996Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material,No. ST-2, (IAEA ST-2) International Atomic EnergyAge
10、ncy, Vienna, Austria, 19962.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard:Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Fa-cilities, NQA-1, American Society of Mechanical Engi-neers, New York, 20012.6 International Organization for Standards (ISO) Stan-dard:ISO 9000:2000, Quality Manageme
11、nt SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary, International Organizationfor Standards (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, 20003. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions give
12、nin Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hypothetical accident conditions, na series of acci-dent environments, defined by regulation, that a Type Bpackage must survive without significant loss of contents.3.2.2 insolation, nsolar energy incident o
13、n the surface ofa package.3.2.3 normal conditions of transport, na range of condi-tions, defined by regulation, that a package must withstandduring normal usage.3.2.4 regulatory hydrocarbon fire, na fire environment,one of the hypothetical accident conditions, defined by regu-lation, that a package
14、shall survive for 30 min withoutsignificant release of contents.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.13 on Large ScaleFire Tests.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002.2Annual Book
15、 of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 thermal qualification, nthe portion of the certifica-tion process for a radioactive materials transportation packagethat includes the submittal, revi
16、ew, and approval of a SafetyAnalysis Report for Packages (SARP) through an appropriateregulatory authority, and which demonstrates that the packagemeets the thermal requirements stated in the regulations.3.2.6 Type B package, na transportation package that islicensed to carry what the regulations de
17、fine to be a Type Bquantity of a specific radioactive material or materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This document outlines four methods for meeting thethermal qualification requirements: qualification by analysis,pool fire testing, furnace testing, and radiant heat testing. Thechoice of the certif
18、ication method for a particular package isbased on discussions between the package suppliers and theappropriate regulatory authorities prior to the start of thequalification process. Factors that influence the choice ofmethod are package size, construction and cost, as well ashazards associated with
19、 certification process. Environmentalfactors such as air and water pollution are increasingly a factorin choice of qualification method. Specific benefits and limi-tations for each method are discussed in the sections coveringthe particular methods.4.2 The complete hypothetical accident condition se
20、quenceconsists of a drop test, a puncture test, and a 30-min hydro-carbon fire test, commonly called a pool fire test, on thepackage. Submersion tests on undamaged packages are alsorequired, and smaller packages are also required to survivecrush tests that simulate handling accidents. Details of the
21、 testsand test sequences are given in the regulations cited. Thisdocument focuses on thermal qualification, which is similar inboth the U.S. and IAEA regulations. A summary of importantdifferences is included as Appendix X3 to this document. Theoverall thermal test requirements are described general
22、ly inPart 71.73 of 10CFR71 and in Section VII of TS-R-1.Additional guidance on thermal tests is also included in IAEAST-2.4.3 The regulatory thermal test is intended to simulate a30-min exposure to a fully engulfing pool fire that occurs if atransportation accident involves the spill of large quanti
23、ties ofhydrocarbon fuels from a tank truck or similar vehicle. Theregulations are “mode independent” meaning that they areintended to cover packages for a wide range of transportationmodes such as truck and rail.5. Significance and Use5.1 The major objective of this practice is to provide acommon re
24、ference document for both applicants and certifica-tion authorities on the accepted practices for accomplishingpackage thermal qualification. Details and methods for accom-plishing qualification are described in this document in morespecific detail than available in the regulations. Methods thathave
25、 been shown by experience to lead to successful qualifi-cation are emphasized. Possible problems and pitfalls that leadto unsatisfactory results are also described.5.2 The work described in this standard practice shall bedone under a quality assurance program that is accepted by theregulatory author
26、ity that certifies the package for use. Forpackages certified in the United States, ASME NQA-1 shall beused as the basis for the quality assurance (QA) program, whilefor international certification, ISO 9000 usually defines theappropriate program. Note that 10 CFR 71, Subpart H outlinesQA requiremen
27、ts for transportation packages qualified in theU. S. The quality assurance program shall be in place andfunctioning prior to submittal of any information to thecertifying authority.5.3 The unit system (SI metric or English) used for thermalqualification shall be agreed upon prior to submission ofinf
28、ormation to the certification authority. If SI units are to bestandard, then use IEEE/ASTM SI-10. Additional units givenin parentheses are for information purposes only.TEST METHODS6. Scope6.1 In preparing a Safety Analysis Report for Packaging(SARP), the normal transport and accident thermal condit
29、ionsspecified in 10CFR71 or IAEA TS-R-1 shall be addressed. Forapproval in the United States, reports addressing the thermalissues shall be included in a SARP prepared according to theformat described in Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)Regulatory Guide 7.9. Upon review, a package is consideredqua
30、lified if material temperatures are within acceptable limits,temperature gradients lead to acceptable thermal stresses, thecavity gas pressure is within design limits, and safety featurescontinue to function over the entire temperature range. Testinitial conditions vary with regulation, but are inte
31、nded to givethe most unfavorable normal ambient temperature for thefeature under consideration, and corresponding internal pres-sures are usually at the maximum normal values unless a lowerpressure is shown to be more unfavorable. Depending on theregulation used, the ambient air temperature is in th
32、e -29C(-20F) to 38C (100F) range. Normal transport requirementsinclude a maximum air temperature of 38C (100F), insola-tion, and a cold temperature of -40C (-40F). Regulations alsoinclude a maximum package surface temperatures for person-nel protection of 50C (122F). See Appendix X3 for clarifi-cati
33、on of differences between U.S. and international regula-tions.6.2 Hypothetical accident thermal requirements stated inPart 71.73 or IAEA TS-R-1, Section VII call for a 30 minexposure of the entire container to a radiation environment of800C (1475F) with a flame emissivity of 0.9. The surfaceemissivi
34、ty of the package shall be 0.8 or the package surfacevalue, whichever is greater. With temperatures and emissivitiesstated in the specification, the basic laws of radiation heattransfer permit direct calculation of the resulting radiant heatflux to a package surface. This means that what appears at
35、firstglance to be a flame or furnace temperature specification is inreality a heat flux specification for testing. Testing shall beconducted with this point in mind.6.3 Two definitions of flame emissivity exist, and thiscauses confusion during the qualification process. Siegel andHowell, 2001, provi
36、de the textbook definition for a cloud of hotsoot particles representing a typical flame zone in open poolfires. In this definition the black body emissive power of theflame, sT4, is multiplied by the flame emissivity, e, in order toE2230022account for the fact that soot clouds in flames behave as i
37、f theyare weak black body emitters. A second definition of flameemissivity, often used for package analysis, assumes that theflame emissivity, e, is the surface emissivity of a large,high-temperature, gray-body surface that both emits and re-flects energy and completely surrounds the package underan
38、alysis. The second definition leads to slightly higher (con-servative) heat fluxes to the package surface, and also leads toa zero heat flux as the package surface reaches the firetemperature. For the first definition, the heat flux falls to zerowhile the package surface is somewhat below the fire t
39、empera-ture. For package qualification, use of the second definition isoften more convenient, especially with computer codes thatmodel surface-to-surface thermal radiation, and is usuallypermitted by regulatory authorities.6.4 Convective heat transfer from moving air at 800C shallalso be included in
40、 the analysis. Convection correlations shallbe chosen to conform to the surface configuration, that is,vertical or horizonal, flat plate or cylinder, that is used forpackage transport. Typical flow velocities for combustion gasesmeasured in large fires range are in the 1 to 10 m/s range withmean vel
41、ocities near the middle of that range (see Schneiderand Kent, 1989, Gregory, et al, 1987, and Koski, et al, 1996).No external non-natural cooling of the package after heat inputis permitted after the fire event, and combustion shall proceeduntil it stops naturally. During the fire, effects of solar
42、radiationare often neglected for analysis and test purposes.6.5 For purposes of analysis, the hypothetical accidentthermal conditions are specified by the surface heat flux values.Peak regulatory heat fluxes for low surface temperaturestypically range from 55 to 65 kW/m2. Convective heat transferfro
43、m air is estimated from convective heat transfer correla-tions, and contributes of 15 to 20 % of the total heat flux. Thevalue of 15 to 20 % value is consistent with experimentalestimates. Recent versions of the regulations specify moving,hot air for convection calculations, and an appropriate force
44、dconvection correlation shall be used in place of the olderpractice that assumed still air convection. A further discussionof heat flux values is provided in 7.2.6.6 While 10CFR71 or TS-R-1 values represent typicalpackage average heat fluxes in pool fires, large variations inheat flux depending on b
45、oth time and location have beenobserved in actual pool fires. Local heat fluxes as high as 150kW/m2under low wind conditions are routinely observed forlow package surface temperatures. For high winds, heat fluxesas high as 400 kW/m2are observed locally. Local flux valuesare a function of several par
46、ameters, including height above thepool. Thus the size, shape, and construction of the packageaffects local heat flux conditions. Designers shall keep thepossible differences between the hypothetical accident andactual test conditions in mind during the design and testingprocess. These differences e
47、xplain some unpleasant surprisessuch as localized high seal or cargo temperatures that haveoccurred during the testing process.6.7 For proper testing, good simulations of both the regula-tory hydrocarbon fire heat flux transient and resulting materialtemperatures shall be achieved. Unless both the h
48、eat flux andmaterial surface temperature transients are simultaneouslyreproduced, then the thermal stresses resulting from materialtemperature gradients and the final container temperature arereported to be erroneously high or low. Some test methods arebetter suited to meeting these required transie
49、nt conditions fora particular package than others. The relative benefits andlimitations of the various methods in simulating the pool fireenvironment are discussed in the following sections.7. Procedure7.1 Qualification by Analysis7.1.1 Benefits, Limitations:7.1.1.1 The objective of thermal qualification of radioactivematerial transportation packages by analysis is to ensure thatcontainment of the contents, shielding of radiation from thecontents, and the sub-criticality of the contents is maintainedper the regulations. The analysis determines the thermalbehavior in
