1、Designation: E 2256 03Standard Guide forHydraulic Integrity of New, Repaired, or ReconstructedAboveground Storage Tank Bottoms for Petroleum Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide the reader with aknowledge of construction ex
3、amination procedures and currenttechnologies that can be used to give an owner or operator ofan aboveground storage tank (AST) in petroleum service,relevant information on the hydraulic integrity of a new,repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom prior to return toservice. This guide does not pertain t
4、o horizontal ASTs,manufacture of tanks using UL 142, or to tanks constructed ofconcrete or other non-ferrous materials.1.2 The adoption of the mathods and technologies presentedin this guide are not mandatory, rather they represent optionsthat may be selected to identify the likelihood of productlea
5、king through a new, repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom.1.3 This guide is not intended to suggest or treat anytechnology in a preferential manner.1.4 The person responsible for applying this guide should bea knowledgeable individual with experience in the design,inspection, construction, or combi
6、nation thereof, of above-ground storage tanks for use in petroleum service, and shouldalso be certified under the requirements ofAPI 653 when use isrelated to tank bottom repair.1.5 This guide is written in metric measure units (SI Units)in accordance with requirements of Practice E 621. Englishmeas
7、ure equivalents are in parentheses.1.6 The applicability of this guide to the proposed tankconfiguration and service conditions should be establishedprior to use.1.7 This guide complies withASTM policy for developmentand subsequent use of a standard.1.8 This guide is subject to revision at any time
8、by theresponsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this guide orfor additional standards and should be addressed to ASTMInternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W. Conshohocken, P
9、A19428.1.9 This guide is not intended for use as a model code,ordinance or regulation.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
10、and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A6 Specification for General Requirements for RolledSteel Plate, Shapes, Sheet Piling, Bars for Structural UseA 20/A 20M Specification for General Requirements forSteel Plates for Pres
11、sure VesselsA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 53/A 53M Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessA 106/A 106M Specification for Seamless Carbon SteelPipe for High Temperature ServiceA 333/A 333M Specification for Seamless and WeldedSteel
12、Pipe for Low-Temperature ServiceD 3282 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixturesfor Highway Construction PurposesE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 621 Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in BuildingDesign and ConstructionE 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
13、E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1220 Test Method for Visible Liquid Penetrant Examina-tion Using the Solvent-Removable Process2.2 Oth
14、er Documents:ASME Section V and IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code31This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.01 on StorageTanks.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published March 2003.2For reference
15、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME InternationalHeadqua
16、rters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 100165990.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.SNT TC-1A Society for Nondestructive Testing Recom-mended Practice4AWS B1.10 Guide for the Nondestructive Inspection ofWelds5AWS QC1-96 St
17、andard for AWS Certification of WeldingInspectors5API 322 An Engineering Evaluation of Acoustic Methodsof Leak Detection in Aboveground Storage Tanks, Jan.19946API PB 334 A Guide to Leak Detection for AbovegroundStorage Tanks, Mar. 19966API 575 Inspection of Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Stor-age Tan
18、ks6API 581 Base Resource Document-Risk-Based Inspection6API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage6API 653 Tank Inspection, Alteration, and Reconstruction63. Terminology3.1 The following terms as used in this guide may differfrom the more commonly accepted definitions elsewhere.3.1.1 aboveground sto
19、rage tank (AST), na vertically ori-ented tank (normally cylindrical), whose bottom is in contactwith the soil or other solid material and whose shell to bottomjoint is designed to be at the plane of grade. See Fig. 1.3.1.2 conditions and limitations, nthe environmental andphysical effects that restr
20、ict the collection of data.3.1.3 cut and cover or bunkered tank, na field-constructedaboveground storage tank that has been cut into the soil andcovered to protect it from damage either by accident or hostileintent of war.3.1.4 developing technology, na procedure or testingmethod that may be used to
21、 provide additional information ona potential leak path.3.1.5 for petroleum service, nan AST that is designatedfor or expected to be used for petroleum product storage toinclude crude oil, residual, and refined petroleum products.3.1.6 hydraulic integrity, nthe actual ability of a tankbottom to prev
22、ent passage of a stored product to the externalenvironment.3.1.7 leak path, nthe route or opening through which thetank contents are released through to the exterior environment.3.1.8 tank, na field-erected steel structure constructed ofwelded or riveted steel and designed for petroleum service.3.1.
23、9 tank bottom, nthe floor of a vertically oriented tank,including the shell to bottom weld, connected piping supports,column base plates, sumps, floor plates, and floor welds, butnot interior or exterior coatings or cathodic protection.3.1.10 tank owner or operator, nan individual or entitythat owns
24、 or operates an aboveground storage tank in accor-dance with and definitions of The U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency Regulation 40 CFR 112.3.1.11 technologies, nsystems or services that provideinformation that can be used to evaluate the hydraulic integrityof a tank bottom.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2
25、.1 cmcentimetre3.2.2 mmmillimetre3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute3.3.2 APIAmerican Petroleum Institute3.3.3 ASMAmerican Society for Metals3.3.4 ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers3.3.5 ASNTSociety for Nondestructive Testing3.3.6 ASTaboveground storage tank3.3.7 A
26、WSAmerican Welding Society3.3.8 ERWelectric resistance weld3.3.9 NDEnon-destructive evaluation3.3.10 OSHAUnited States Occupational, Safety andHealth Administration3.3.11 ULUnderwriters Laboratory3.3.12 USTunderground storage tank3.4 Measurement UnitsThis guide is written in metricmeasure units (SI
27、Units) in accordance with requirements ofPractice E 621. English measure equivalents are in parenthe-ses.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide establishes a process and provides guidanceabout practices and procedures that are called for in API 650and API 653, or available as optional selections and whic
28、h willlead to a better understanding about the hydraulic integrity ofan ASTs bottom. The information contained in the guide is setout in three formats: a flowchart of the procedures and theappropriate point for employment in order to gather the mostuseful information; a table of the procedures brief
29、ly describingwhat and how they should be used in order to gather the mostuseful information; and an expanded listing of the proceduresto provide the guide user with procedure background andexpected results in order to determine the type and validity ofthe information gathered.5. Significance and Use
30、5.1 Inspection, repair, and construction of ASTs in petro-leum service should follow at a minimum the requirements ofAPI 650 and API 653. These standards describe methods fortesting the weld quality and structural and hydraulic integrityof new or repaired ASTs. With increasing emphasis on protect-in
31、g the environment and with environmental issues related to4American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 432280518.5American Welding Society (AWS,) 550 NW Le Jeune Rd., NW, Miami, FL33126.6American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Was
32、hington, CD 20005.FIG. 1 Examples of ASTs per this GuideE2256032the storing of petroleum materials in ASTs, owners andoperators of such tanks may want or need a guide devoted toexisting and enhanced methods for evaluating the hydraulicintegrity of new or repaired tank bottoms.5.2 The consequences of
33、 a tank bottom failure include theeconomic loss of product, cost of repair or replacing the tankbottom, and exposure to the cost of environmental remediationand potential damage or harm to adjacent lands that may giverise to adverse public relations or regulatory action. In addition,releases of petr
34、oleum products introduce potential fire orexplosive conditions.5.3 Owners and operators of ASTs or their agents can usethis guide to help choose methods of evaluating the hydraulicintegrity of their repaired or new tank bottoms. Selection of themethods should be based on regulatory and economic crit
35、eriathat include operational and cost/benefit considerations.5.4 This guide is intended for use by an individual experi-enced in repair and construction of ASTs in petroleum service.5.5 This guide is intended for use when repairing orbuilding ASTs and not intended for use beyond the construc-tion pr
36、ocess. This guide does not address suitability for use orimply useful life of an AST bottom.5.6 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction withand as a supplement to standards provided for hydraulicintegrity in API 650 and API 653.5.7 Procedures or methods included here may be supportedby a pr
37、eviously completed and documented performanceevaluation(s) that may lend itself as valuable results validation.6. Procedures6.1 This section provides information on established prac-tices described in API 650 and API 653. This section providesinformation on other practices listed in this guide as op
38、tionalduring a hydrostatic test, and which may be used to assess thehydraulic integrity of the tank bottom. Also identified in thissection are developing technologies that may be used inconjunction with a hydro-test, and may produce supplementalinformation about the hydraulic integrity of the comple
39、ted tankbottom construction. Some of the procedures identified hereare recognized to be voluntary when used for attaining anenhanced confidence in the hydraulic integrity for a repaired ornewly constructed tank bottom. For those owners and operatorsthat already have procedures for determining the su
40、itability ofthe tank bottom, this guide may serve as a reference whenpolicy warrants a change in their methods.6.2 Table 2 identifies tests and procedures, and notes whenapplication of those tests or procedures will provide the mostuseful information for assessing the hydraulic integrity of tankbott
41、om.6.3 Table 1 supplements the flow chart by listing theaccepted tests and procedures from API 650 and API 653,asareadily available reference, and also the developing technolo-gies. These API procedures, although established chiefly toassess tank structural soundness, are also useful for determin-in
42、g the hydraulic soundness of tank bottom construction whenit has been repaired or newly constructed. Information relatingto the developing technologies may be employed by an ownerand operator in order to obtain hydraulic integrity and othersupplementary information during a hydrostatic test.6.4 When
43、 using information provided in this section, con-siderations for schedule, operational, economic, and environ-mental characterizations should be reviewed. An owner andoperator or the owners and operators representative should befamiliar with conditions under which the tests and procedurescan be used
44、 and in the case of the developing technologies,API334 should be consulted.7. Evaluation Methods7.1 Procedures Prior to Filling and After Filling the Tank:7.1.1 The owner and operator of a tank, included bydefinition in this guide, will find that there are numerousprocedures associated with the dete
45、rmination of the hydraulicintegrity of a tank bottom. Of this total number of proceduresthere can be at least nine that are conducted prior to filling thetank and can be at least another four procedures that are appliedwith the tank either partially or completely filled to its safe fillheight.7.2 Ev
46、aluation of Floor Plate, Weld Construction Practices:7.2.1 Factors or conditions that contribute to tank bottomfailure are:7.2.1.1 Imperfections that may be included in steel plateduring manufacture.7.2.1.2 Gouging and tearing in steel plate can occur duringshipment and storage, and in moving the pl
47、ates into finalposition for welding. Such damage can be the result ofimproper use of equipment for moving the plate or thedragging of the plates across one another or other constructionmaterials and rocks. The gouges and tears can compromise thestructural integrity and intended service life of the t
48、ank.7.2.1.3 Irregular surface continuities or voids in the struc-tural fill or concrete foundation can be a significant conditioncausing a bottom to fail and leak. The voids and projectionscreated by the sub-floor structural system irregularities willcause uneven stressing of the floor plates, seam
49、welds, floor toshell weld, and sumps located in the bottom. The stress canlead to early failure of the bottom when the tank is placed backin service and under load from the stored product or thecolumns and legs of floating pans or roofs.7.2.1.4 The use of incorrect welding procedures or unquali-fied welders can result in sub-standard welds that are morelikely to fail.7.2.1.5 Service conditions that might include the presenceof hydrogen sulfide or conditions that may cause weld or platecracking require the appropriate selection of materials, andquality cont
