1、Designation: E 2256 03 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forHydraulic Integrity of New, Repaired, or ReconstructedAboveground Storage Tank Bottoms for Petroleum Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide the reader with aknowledge o
3、f construction examination procedures and currenttechnologies that can be used to give an owner or operator ofan aboveground storage tank (AST) in petroleum service,relevant information on the hydraulic integrity of a new,repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom prior to return toservice. This guide d
4、oes not pertain to horizontal ASTs,manufacture of tanks using UL 142, or to tanks constructed ofconcrete or other non-ferrous materials.1.2 The adoption of the mathods and technologies presentedin this guide are not mandatory, rather they represent optionsthat may be selected to identify the likelih
5、ood of productleaking through a new, repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom.1.3 This guide is not intended to suggest or treat anytechnology in a preferential manner.1.4 The person responsible for applying this guide should bea knowledgeable individual with experience in the design,inspection, const
6、ruction, or combination thereof, of above-ground storage tanks for use in petroleum service, and shouldalso be certified under the requirements ofAPI 653 when use isrelated to tank bottom repair.1.5 This guide is written in metric measure units (SI Units)in accordance with requirements of Practice E
7、 621. Englishmeasure equivalents are in parentheses.1.6 The applicability of this guide to the proposed tankconfiguration and service conditions should be establishedprior to use.1.7 This guide complies withASTM policy for developmentand subsequent use of a standard.1.8 This guide is subject to revi
8、sion at any time by theresponsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this guide orfor additional standards and should be addressed to ASTMInternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W
9、. Conshohocken, PA19428.1.9 This guide is not intended for use as a model code,ordinance or regulation.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
10、health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 6/A 6M Specification for General Requirements forRolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and SheetPilingA 20/A 20M Specification for General Requirements forSt
11、eel Plates for Pressure VesselsA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 53/A 53M Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessA 106/A 106M Specification for Seamless Carbon SteelPipe for High-Temperature ServiceA 333/A 333M Specification for Seaml
12、ess and WeldedSteel Pipe for Low-Temperature ServiceD 3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 621 Practice for Use of Metric (SI) Units in BuildingDesign and Construction(Committee E06
13、Supplement toE380)3E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Ex
14、aminationUsing Solvent-Removable Process2.2 Other Documents:1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.01 on Storage Tanks.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Pub
15、lished June 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2256 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
16、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ASME Section V and IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code4SNT TC-1A Society for Nondestructive Testing Recom-mended Practice5AWS B1.10 Guide
17、for the Nondestructive Inspection ofWelds6AWS QC1-96 Standard for AWS Certification of WeldingInspectors6API 322 An Engineering Evaluation of Acoustic Methodsof Leak Detection in Aboveground Storage Tanks, Jan.19947API PB 334 A Guide to Leak Detection for AbovegroundStorage Tanks, Mar. 19967API 575
18、Inspection of Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Stor-age Tanks7API 581 Base Resource Document-Risk-Based Inspection7API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage7API 653 Tank Inspection, Alteration, and Reconstruction73. Terminology3.1 The following terms as used in this guide may differfrom the more common
19、ly accepted definitions elsewhere.3.1.1 aboveground storage tank (AST), na vertically ori-ented tank (normally cylindrical), whose bottom is in contactwith the soil or other solid material and whose shell to bottomjoint is designed to be at the plane of grade. See Fig. 1.3.1.2 conditions and limitat
20、ions, nthe environmental andphysical effects that restrict the collection of data.3.1.3 cut and cover or bunkered tank, na field-constructedaboveground storage tank that has been cut into the soil andcovered to protect it from damage either by accident or hostileintent of war.3.1.4 developing techno
21、logy, na procedure or testingmethod that may be used to provide additional information ona potential leak path.3.1.5 for petroleum service, nan AST that is designatedfor or expected to be used for petroleum product storage toinclude crude oil, residual, and refined petroleum products.3.1.6 hydraulic
22、 integrity, nthe actual ability of a tankbottom to prevent passage of a stored product to the externalenvironment.3.1.7 leak path, nthe route or opening through which thetank contents are released through to the exterior environment.3.1.8 tank, na field-erected steel structure constructed ofwelded o
23、r riveted steel and designed for petroleum service.3.1.9 tank bottom, nthe floor of a vertically oriented tank,including the shell to bottom weld, connected piping supports,column base plates, sumps, floor plates, and floor welds, butnot interior or exterior coatings or cathodic protection.3.1.10 ta
24、nk owner or operator, nan individual or entitythat owns or operates an aboveground storage tank in accor-dance with and definitions of The U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency Regulation 40 CFR 112.3.1.11 technologies, nsystems or services that provideinformation that can be used to evaluate the hy
25、draulic integrityof a tank bottom.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 cmcentimetre3.2.2 mmmillimetre3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute3.3.2 APIAmerican Petroleum Institute3.3.3 ASMAmerican Society for Metals3.3.4 ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers3.3.5 ASNTSociety for Nondest
26、ructive Testing3.3.6 ASTaboveground storage tank3.3.7 AWSAmerican Welding Society3.3.8 ERWelectric resistance weld3.3.9 NDEnon-destructive evaluation3.3.10 OSHAUnited States Occupational, Safety andHealth Administration3.3.11 ULUnderwriters Laboratory3.3.12 USTunderground storage tank3.4 Measurement
27、 UnitsThis guide is written in metricmeasure units (SI Units) in accordance with requirements ofPractice E 621. English measure equivalents are in parenthe-ses.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide establishes a process and provides guidanceabout practices and procedures that are called for in API 650an
28、d API 653, or available as optional selections and which willlead to a better understanding about the hydraulic integrity ofan ASTs bottom. The information contained in the guide is setout in three formats: a flowchart of the procedures and theappropriate point for employment in order to gather the
29、mostuseful information; a table of the procedures briefly describingwhat and how they should be used in order to gather the mostuseful information; and an expanded listing of the proceduresto provide the guide user with procedure background andexpected results in order to determine the type and vali
30、dity ofthe information gathered.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.5Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus
31、, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.6Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,Miami, FL 33126, http:/www.aws.org.7Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.FIG. 1 Examples of ASTs per this GuideE 2256 03
32、 (2008)25. Significance and Use5.1 Inspection, repair, and construction of ASTs in petro-leum service should follow at a minimum the requirements ofAPI 650 and API 653. These standards describe methods fortesting the weld quality and structural and hydraulic integrityof new or repaired ASTs. With in
33、creasing emphasis on protect-ing the environment and with environmental issues related tothe storing of petroleum materials in ASTs, owners andoperators of such tanks may want or need a guide devoted toexisting and enhanced methods for evaluating the hydraulicintegrity of new or repaired tank bottom
34、s.5.2 The consequences of a tank bottom failure include theeconomic loss of product, cost of repair or replacing the tankbottom, and exposure to the cost of environmental remediationand potential damage or harm to adjacent lands that may giverise to adverse public relations or regulatory action. In
35、addition,releases of petroleum products introduce potential fire orexplosive conditions.5.3 Owners and operators of ASTs or their agents can usethis guide to help choose methods of evaluating the hydraulicintegrity of their repaired or new tank bottoms. Selection of themethods should be based on reg
36、ulatory and economic criteriathat include operational and cost/benefit considerations.5.4 This guide is intended for use by an individual experi-enced in repair and construction of ASTs in petroleum service.5.5 This guide is intended for use when repairing orbuilding ASTs and not intended for use be
37、yond the construc-tion process. This guide does not address suitability for use orimply useful life of an AST bottom.5.6 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction withand as a supplement to standards provided for hydraulicintegrity in API 650 and API 653.5.7 Procedures or methods included her
38、e may be supportedby a previously completed and documented performanceevaluation(s) that may lend itself as valuable results validation.6. Procedures6.1 This section provides information on established prac-tices described in API 650 and API 653. This section providesinformation on other practices l
39、isted in this guide as optionalduring a hydrostatic test, and which may be used to assess thehydraulic integrity of the tank bottom. Also identified in thissection are developing technologies that may be used inconjunction with a hydro-test, and may produce supplementalinformation about the hydrauli
40、c integrity of the completed tankbottom construction. Some of the procedures identified hereare recognized to be voluntary when used for attaining anenhanced confidence in the hydraulic integrity for a repaired ornewly constructed tank bottom. For those owners and operatorsthat already have procedur
41、es for determining the suitability ofthe tank bottom, this guide may serve as a reference whenpolicy warrants a change in their methods.6.2 Table identifies tests and procedures, and notes whenapplication of those tests or procedures will provide the mostuseful information for assessing the hydrauli
42、c integrity of tankbottom.6.3 Table 1 supplements the flow chart by listing theaccepted tests and procedures from API 650 and API 653,asareadily available reference, and also the developing technolo-gies. These API procedures, although established chiefly toassess tank structural soundness, are also
43、 useful for determin-ing the hydraulic soundness of tank bottom construction whenit has been repaired or newly constructed. Information relatingto the developing technologies may be employed by an ownerand operator in order to obtain hydraulic integrity and othersupplementary information during a hy
44、drostatic test.6.4 When using information provided in this section, con-siderations for schedule, operational, economic, and environ-mental characterizations should be reviewed. An owner andoperator or the owners and operators representative should befamiliar with conditions under which the tests an
45、d procedurescan be used and in the case of the developing technologies,API334 should be consulted.7. Evaluation Methods7.1 Procedures Prior to Filling and After Filling the Tank:7.1.1 The owner and operator of a tank, included bydefinition in this guide, will find that there are numerousprocedures a
46、ssociated with the determination of the hydraulicintegrity of a tank bottom. Of this total number of proceduresthere can be at least nine that are conducted prior to filling thetank and can be at least another four procedures that are appliedwith the tank either partially or completely filled to its
47、 safe fillheight.7.2 Evaluation of Floor Plate, Weld Construction Practices:7.2.1 Factors or conditions that contribute to tank bottomfailure are:7.2.1.1 Imperfections that may be included in steel plateduring manufacture.7.2.1.2 Gouging and tearing in steel plate can occur duringshipment and storag
48、e, and in moving the plates into finalposition for welding. Such damage can be the result ofimproper use of equipment for moving the plate or thedragging of the plates across one another or other constructionmaterials and rocks. The gouges and tears can compromise thestructural integrity and intende
49、d service life of the tank.7.2.1.3 Irregular surface continuities or voids in the struc-tural fill or concrete foundation can be a significant conditioncausing a bottom to fail and leak. The voids and projectionscreated by the sub-floor structural system irregularities willcause uneven stressing of the floor plates, seam welds, floor toshell weld, and sumps located in the bottom. The stress canlead to early failure of the bottom when the tank is placed backin service and under load from the stored product or thecolumns and legs of floating pans or ro
