1、Designation: E 2282 09An American National StandardStandard Guide forDefining the Test Result of a Test Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines foridentifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test
3、method and to illustrate how these elements combine into thetest result.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary and Symbol
4、s, Part 2:Applied Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Terminology E 456 provides a more extensive list ofterms in E11 standards.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 characteristic, na property of items in a sample orpopulation which, when measured, counted or otherwise ob-served, helps to distinguish between the items.3.2
5、.2 observation, nthe process of obtaining informationregarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a testspecimen, or of making a reading on a characteristic ordimension of a test specimen.NOTE 1Observation is also associated with the attribute or measure-ment information obtained from the pr
6、ocess. The term “observed value” ispreferred for this second usage.3.2.3 observed value, nthe value obtained by making anobservation.3.2.4 test determination, nthe value of a characteristic ordimension of a single test specimen derived from one or moreobserved values.3.2.5 test method, na definitive
7、 procedure that produces atest result.3.2.5.1 DiscussionExamples of test methods include, butare not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluationof one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties. ASTMRegulations 2.2.63.2.6 test observation, nsee observation.3.2.7 test result, nthe
8、value of a characteristic obtained bycarrying out a specified test method.NOTE 2The test method specifies that one or a number of individualobservations be made, and their average or another appropriate function,(such as the median or the standard deviation), be reported as the testresult. It can al
9、so require standard corrections to be applied, such ascorrection of gas volumes to standard temperature and pressure. Thus, atest result can be a result calculated from several observed values. In thesimple case, the test result is the observed value itself. ISO 3534-23.2.8 test specimen, nthe porti
10、on of a test sample neededto obtain a single test determination.3.2.8.1 DiscussionWhen used for a physical test, this issometimes called “test piece.” For a chemical test, it issometimes called test portion or test sample. For optical andother tests, it is also sometimes called test sample. In inter
11、-laboratory evaluation of test methods and other statisticalprocedures, it is best to reserve the word sample for the wholeamount of material involved and not the individual testspecimens, pieces or portions being tested.3.2.9 test sample, nthe total quantity of material (contain-ing one or more tes
12、t specimens) needed to obtain a test resultas specified in the test method. See test result.4. Significance and Use4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a testresult. This guide provides information on the construction oftest results from more elemental measurements.4.2 A well defined t
13、est result is necessary before anyprecision statements can be made about the test method.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test MethodEvaluation and Quality ControlCurrent edition approved M
14、ay 15, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 228203.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards, Section A21,requires that every test method shall contain a statementregarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlabo-ratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described inE 177, which illustrates the develo
17、pment of test results fromobservations and test determinations.4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods areapplicable to test results. They are not applicable to testdeterminations or observations, unless specifically and clearlyindicated otherwise.5. Developing the Test Result5.1 A test met
18、hod may have three distinct stages: (1) thedirect measurement or observation of dimensions or properties,or the occurrence of an event; (2) the arithmetical combinationof observed values to obtain a single determination; and (3) thearithmetical combination of a number of determinations toobtain the
19、test result of a test method.5.2 Observation:5.2.1 An observation or observed value should be inter-preted as the most elemental single reading or correctedreading obtained in the process of making a test or measure-ment.5.2.2 An observation may be a classification into one of twocategories or a num
20、erical value on a continuous scale. Anobservation may involve a direct reading (for example, azero-adjusted micrometer reading of the thickness of a test stripat one position along the strip) or it may require the interpo-lation of the reading from a calibration curve.5.3 Test Determination:5.3.1 Fo
21、r a quantitative test method, a test determinationmay be described as the process of calculating from one ormore observations a property of a single test specimen, or asthe value obtained from the process. Thus, a test determinationmay summarize or combine one or more observations.5.3.2 For a qualit
22、ative test, such as a binary procedure, thetest determination may be the total number of items falling intoone of the two classifications following repetition of the basicprotocol.5.3.3 In some cases the protocol may require observations tobe made under several test conditions and then calculating a
23、test determination from these observations.5.3.4 Test methods for chemical properties are often basedon comparison of the response for a sample to responses of aknown standard substance at varying concentrations. Thestandard curve relates response to concentration of the sub-stance of interest. Resp
24、onses belonging to the standard curve,and to test specimens, are test observations. The test determi-nation is calculated from the response, or average of multipleresponses, for the test specimen using an equation for thestandard curve.5.3.5 Examples of a Test Determination:5.3.5.1 The measurement o
25、f the density of a test specimenmay involve the separate observation of the mass and thevolume of the specimen and the calculation of the ratiomass/volume. The density calculated from the ratio of one pairof mass and volume observations made on one specimen is atest determination.5.3.5.2 The determi
26、nation of the thickness of a test speci-men strip may involve averaging micrometer caliper observa-tions taken at several points along the strip.5.3.5.3 A set of three cigarettes is ignited on a fabric. Eachcigarette is observed to burn or not burn. The number of burnsout of the set of three is a te
27、st determination.5.4 Test Result:5.4.1 In general, the test method should describe not onlythe manner in which each test determination is to be made, butalso the number of test determinations to be made and howthese are to be combined to provide the test result.5.4.2 Examples of a Test Result:5.4.2.
28、1 The test method on density might require that themass and volume observations of a specimen be combined togive a test determination of density (5.3.5.1) and the testdetermination of each of five specimens be averaged to give atest result.5.4.2.2 The test method for paper thickness may require that
29、the determination of strip thickness in 5.3.5.2 be made on tenstrips and that the ten test determinations be averaged to givethe test result.5.4.2.3 The test method for a tensile strength test of papermay specify that a tensile strength determination be performedon each of ten specimens and that the
30、 ten tensile test determi-nations be averaged to get the test result.5.4.2.4 In a chemical analysis, the method may call for thepreparation of a single solution from the sample (test sampleunit), and measurement on three aliquots (specimens) of thesolution. The average of the three analytical test d
31、eterminationswould then be the test result. Alternatively, the method maycall for test determinations to be made on different preparations(specimens) of the sample. The average of the determinationswould then be the test result for the test sample5.4.2.5 In rubber testing, the method may describe no
32、t onlythe shape of the test specimen to be taken from a sheet ofrubber, but also the preparation of the sheet, including com-pounding and curing. For example, one rubber test methodspecifies that four sheets be individually compounded andcured and three specimens tested from each sheet. The testresu
33、lt is then defined as the average of the four medians, eachmedian being the middle determination, in the order ofmagnitude, of the three values obtained from a sheet.6. Keywords6.1 observation; test determination; test method; test resultE2282092ASTM International takes no position respecting the va
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36、arters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This stand
37、ard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2282093
