1、Designation: E 2325 05Standard Guide forNon-destructive Examination of Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2325; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (see Guide E 444) for non-destructive examinations of paper.1.2 These
3、procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion is of questioned and known items or of exclusivelyquestioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature of
4、the material available for examina-tion.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularlyunusual or uncommon examinations of paper samples.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
5、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Guide for Descriptions of Scopes of Work Relating toForensic Sciences for Questioned Document AreaE 1422 Guide for Test
6、Methods for Forensic Writing InkComparisonE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE XXXX Terminology Relating to Forensic Document Ex-amination3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-nologies E 1732 and E XXXX.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
7、c to This Standard:3.2.1 fluorescence, na process by which radiant energy isabsorbed and reradiated at other, usually longer, wavelengths.3.2.2 infrared (IR), nreferring to radiant flux havingwavelengths longer than the wavelengths of light, usuallywavelengths from about 780 nm to about 1 mm. E 2843
8、.2.3 infrared luminescence (IRL), nthe emission of radi-ant energy during a transition from an excited electronic stateof an atom, molecule, or ion to a lower electronic state(fluorescence or phosphorescence, or both), where the spec-trum of the excitation source is in the ultraviolet (UV) orvisible
9、 region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or both, and thespectrum of the emitted energy is in the far red or infrared (IR)region of the electromagnetic spectrum. E 14223.2.4 luminescence, nthe emission of radiant energy dur-ing a transition from an excited electronic state of an atom,molecule, or io
10、n to a lower electronic state. E 14223.2.5 opacity, nthe property of paper that prevents thetransmission of light.3.2.6 ultraviolet (UV), nreferring to radiant flux havingwavelengths shorter than the wavelengths of light, usuallywavelengths from about 10 nm to 380 nm. E 14223.2.6.1 DiscussionLong-wa
11、ve UV usually refers to thespectral range of UV-A, with wavelengths from about 315 nmto 380 nm. Short-wave UV usually refers to the spectral rangeof UV-C, with wavelengths from 100 nm to 280 nm.3.2.7 watermark, na localized modification of the forma-tion and/or opacity of a sheet of paper so that a
12、pattern, design,or word group can be seen in the dry sheet when viewed usingside lighting or transmitted light.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following the
13、seprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably evalu-ate the physical similarities or differences between papers thatcan lead to a determination as to whether papers originatedfrom the same source.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the dir
14、ect responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
15、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Interferences5.1 Certain items submitted for examination may haveinherent limitations that can interfere with the proce
16、dures inthis guide. Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 The condition of a paper sample may make it unsuitablefor some types of examinations (for example, item(s) that arewater soaked, stained, soiled, charred, or finely shredded).5.3 Storage conditions such as exposure to light, heat, ormo
17、isture can affect the appearance of paper during certaintests.5.4 Chemical processing for latent prints generally inter-feres with non-destructive paper examination. Paper examina-tions should be conducted prior to any chemical processing.5.5 Items should be handled as little as possible prior to an
18、dduring paper examinations to prevent contamination such asthe introduction of latent prints. The use of clean cloth glovesis recommended.5.6 In the paper manufacturing process reams of paper andother paper products can be comprised of sheets from one ormore rolls of paper. Differences in paper char
19、acteristics may bepresent in individual sheets from the same ream or product and,therefore, must be considered when assessing color, thickness,UV fluorescence, IRL, opacity, surface texture and printedmaterial (see 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 7.11, and 7.17).6. Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate lig
20、ht source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.NOTE 1Natural light, incandescent or fluorescent sources, transmittedillumination and fiber optic lighting systems are generally utilized. Sidelighting and vertical incident lighting may be useful in a variety ofsituations.
21、6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Measuring Devices:6.3.1 Micrometer capable of measuring in increments of0.02 mm or 0.001 inch. Ruler measuring at least 300 mm long,marked in increments of 0.5 mm or less, or measuring at least12 in. long, marked in increment
22、s of164 in. or less.6.3.2 Scale capable of measuring 0.001 g.6.4 IR image conversion device or system with appropriatelight sources and filters for use in IR and IRL examinations.6.5 Electrostatic detection device to examine for indentedimpressions.6.6 Long and short wave UV sources.6.7 Materials su
23、fficient to evaluate the relative opacity ofpaper.6.8 Other apparatus as appropriate.6.9 Imaging or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.10 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. ProceduresNOTE 2All procedures shall be performed when applicable and
24、notedwhen appropriate. These procedures need not be performed in the ordergiven.7.1 Examinations performed, relevant observations, andresults shall be documented.7.2 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature is not present or that an item is lackingin quality or
25、 comparability may indicate that the examinershould discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is at thediscretion of the examiner to discontinue the procedure at thatpoint and report accordingly or to continue with the applicableprocedures to the extent possible. The reasons for such adecision shall
26、 be documented.7.3 Determine whether the examination is a comparison ofquestioned paper sample(s) or a comparison of a questionedpaper sample(s) with a known paper sample(s).NOTE 3For the purpose of this guide, two samples will be compared.These samples may refer to known and questioned specimens, o
27、rexclusively questioned specimens.7.4 Determine whether the submitted paper samples aresuitable for comparison. If not suitable for comparison, dis-continue the procedure and report accordingly.7.5 Examine the paper samples with transmitted light.7.5.1 Record any watermarks present.7.5.1.1 When iden
28、tifying a manufacturer or dating a papersample by the use of a watermark, refer to laboratory andpublished industry resources. If necessary, contact the appro-priate paper manufacturer for further information.7.6 Examine the color of the paper samples. Refer toInterferences section 5.6.7.6.1 Determi
29、ne the significance of any differences ob-served.7.7 Measure the thickness of the paper samples with amicrometer. An averaging of measurements made at the centerand opposite edges of each paper sample, is recommended.Refer to Interferences section 5.6.7.8 Examine the paper samples for UV fluorescenc
30、e andIRL. Refer to Interferences section 5.6.7.9 Examine the samples for chemical or other contamina-tion, alterations, and carbonless paper transfers.7.10 Examine the relative opacity of the paper samples.Refer to Interferences section 5.6.7.11 Examine the surface texture of the paper samples (fore
31、xample, smoothness, patterns). Refer to Interferences section5.6.7.12 Measure the paper samples with a ruler, recordinglength and width measurements.7.13 Measure the weight of the paper sample. The relativebasis weight can be compared by dividing the weight of thepaper by its area.7.14 Examine corne
32、rs of the paper samples and evaluateangles (for example, squared, curved, rough finish).7.15 Examine edges of the paper samples with magnifica-tion, or UV sources, or both for remnants of binding, adhe-sives, or padding material.7.16 Examine edges of the paper samples for manufacturingmarkings (for
33、example, cut marks, striations or coloration).Evaluate for proper orientation of each page with all otherpages.E23250527.17 Examine paper samples with lines or other printedmaterial with appropriate instruments capable of magnifica-tion, IR, IRL, and UV examinations. Measure line length,spacing, and
34、 other printed material. Examine for broken ordeformed patterns. Refer to Interferences section 5.6.7.18 Examine the paper samples for the presence of securityfeatures (for example, planchettes or security fibers).7.19 Examine the samples for carbonless paper chemicalsand form printing image quality
35、 that can indicate a carbonlesssystem.7.20 Locate and record any trace materials (for example,opaqueing solution, correction strips, tape, or other materials)on the paper samples.7.21 Examine the paper samples for surface damage due toabrasions, handling, storage, or other physical changes. Iffolds,
36、 creases, crimp markings, fiber disturbances, or otherrelevant characteristics, are located on any sample, determinethe significance as they relate to other samples.7.22 Examine the paper samples for size and spacing ofstaples and staple holes. If the pages of the documents arestapled together, dete
37、rmine any pattern similarities or differ-ences between the number and pattern of staple holes present.7.22.1 Prior to the removal of any staples, record theposition of the staple holes relative to the existing staple(s).7.22.2 Coordination with the submitter of the evidence maybe advisable before re
38、moving any staples.7.23 Examine the paper samples for perforations, holepunches, or other torn portions.7.24 Examine the surfaces of the paper for indentations suchas handwriting, clipboard marks, paper clip impressions, andother extraneous markings.7.25 Evaluate similarities, differences, and limit
39、ations. De-termine their significance individually and in combination andreach a conclusion.8. Report8.1 Conclusion(s), or opinion(s), or other finding(s) result-ing from the procedures in this guide may be reached oncesufficient examinations have been conducted.8.2 The bases and reasons for the con
40、clusion(s) or opin-ion(s) should be included in the examiners documentation andmay also be included in the report.8.3 Once examinations and evaluations have been com-pleted, reports may include, but are not limited to, thefollowing types of conclusion(s), opinion(s), or finding(s):8.3.1 Evidence suc
41、h as indentations, contaminants, physicalsimilarities, etc., associates the paper samples as being at-tached, handled by, or originating from the same source.8.3.2 The paper samples originate from or share the samemanufacturer source (mill, post-mill processing, binding, print-ing, trimming, packagi
42、ng and distribution processes) or post-manufacturer source (consumer or user level).8.3.3 The paper samples can neither be associated nordisassociated as originating from or sharing the same source.8.3.4 The paper samples did not originate from or share thesame source.8.3.5 Evidence such as indentat
43、ions, contaminants, physicalsimilarities, etc., associates the paper samples as being at-tached, handled by, or originating from the same source.9. Keywords9.1 forensic document examination; forensic sciences; non-destructive paper examination; paper; questioned documents;watermarkREFERENCES(1) Brow
44、ning, B. L., Analysis of Paper, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New Yorkand Basel, 1977.(2) Brunelle, Richard L. and Robert W. Reed, Forensic Examination of Inkand Paper, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1984.(3) The Mead Corporation, Paper Knowledge, 1999.(4) Saferstein, Richard, Forensic Science Handbook,
45、 Regents/PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent right
46、s, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for r
47、evision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing y
48、ou shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2325053
