1、Designation: E 2354 04Standard Guide forAssessing the Durability of Absorptive ElectrochromicCoatings within Sealed Insulating Glass Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides the recommended sequence forusing the referenced ASTM test methods fo
3、r assessing thedurability of absorptive electrochromic coatings (ECCs) withinsealed insulating glass units. Cross sections of typical electro-chromic windows (ECWs) have three to five-layers of coatingsthat include one to three active layers sandwiched between twotransparent conducting electrodes (T
4、CEs, see Section 3). Ex-amples of the cross-sectional arrangements can be found2in“Evaluation Criteria and Test Methods for ElectrochromicWindows.” (For a list of acronyms used in this Standard, seeAppendix X1, Section X1.1).1.2 This guide is applicable only for layered (one or moreactive coatings b
5、etween the TCEs) absorptive ECCs on visionglass (superstrate and substrate) areas planned for use in IGUsfor buildings, such as glass doors, windows, skylights, andexterior wall systems. The layers used for electrochromicallychanging the optical properties may be inorganic or organicmaterials betwee
6、n the superstrate and substrate.1.3 The ECCs used in this guide will ultimately be exposed(Test Method E 2141) to solar radiation and deployed tocontrol the amount of radiation by absorption and reflectionand thus, limit the solar heat gain and amount of solar radiationthat is transmitted into the b
7、uilding.1.4 This guide is not applicable to other types of coatings onvision glass with other chromogenic coatings, for example,photochromic and thermochromic coatings.1.5 This guide is not applicable to IGUs that will beconstructed from superstrate or substrate materials other thanglass.1.6 The tes
8、t methods referenced in this guide are laboratorytest methods conducted under specified conditions.1.7 The values stated in metric (SI) units are to be regardedas the standard.1.8 There is no comparable International Standards Organi-zation Standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all
9、of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 168 Terminology Rel
10、ating to Thermal InsulationE 2094 Practice for Evaluating the Service Life of Chro-mogenic GlazingsE 2141 Test Methods for Assessing the Durability of Ab-sorptive Electrochromic Coatings on Sealed InsulatingGlass UnitsE 2188 Test Method for Insulating Glass Unit PerformanceE 2190 Specification for I
11、nsulating Glass Unit Performanceand EvaluationE 2240 Test Method for Assessing the Current-VoltageCycling Stability at 90C (194F) of Absorptive Electro-chromic Coatings on Sealed Insulating Glass UnitsE 2241 Test Method for Assessing the Current-VoltageCycling Stability at Room Temperature (194F) of
12、Absorp-tive Electrochromic Coatings on Sealed Insulating GlassUnitsE 2355 Test Method for Measuring the Uniformity of anAbsorptive Electrochromic Coating on a Glazing SurfaceNOTE 1the following draft standards will be added to this guide afterthey have been successfully balloted.E RRR Test Method fo
13、r Measuring the Stability to ThermalShock of Sealed Insulating Glass Units with an OperatingAbsorptive Electrochromic CoatingE ZZZ Test Method for Assessing the Stability in HighHumidity and Cyclic Temperature Environments of anAbsorptive Electrochromic Coating within Sealed Insulat-ing Glass Units2
14、.2 Canadian Standard:CAN/CGSB12.8 Insulating Glass Units1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.22 on DurabilityPerformance of Building Constructions.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published
15、April 2004.2Czanderna, A. W., and Lampert, C. M., “Evaluation Criteria and Test Methodsfor Electrochromic Windows,” SERI/PR-255-3537, Solar Energy Research Institute,Golden, CO, July 1990.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
16、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology C 168 fo
17、r definitionsof general terms.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accelerated aging testan aging test in which the rateof degradation of building components or materials is inten-tionally accelerated from that expected in actual service.3.2.2 bleached statea descriptor for an EC
18、W when noions reside in the electrochromic layer or after ions have beenremoved (or inserted, depending on the type of material) fromthe electrochromic layer(s) and if applicable, the maximumnumber of ions have been returned to the counterelectrodelayer to restore the photopic optical specular trans
19、mittance inthe bleached state (tb) from that of the photopic opticalspecular transmittance in the colored state (tc).3.2.3 chromogenic glazingis defined in Practice E 2094,but also see Appendix X1, Section X1.3.3.2.4 colored statea descriptor for an ECW after ionshave been inserted (or removed, depe
20、nding on the type ofmaterial) into the electrochromic layer and, if applicable,removed from the counterelectrode layer to reduce the photo-pic optical specular transmittance (of wavelengths from 400nm to 730 nm) from that in the bleached state (tb).3.2.5 control parameters for an electrochromic coat
21、ing(ECC)the time dependent voltage or current profile that issupplied by the manufacturer of the ECW in which the voltageor current is applied to the ECC for achieving the desired cyclicchanges from the bleached state to the colored state and backto the bleached state.3.2.6 durabilitythe capability
22、of maintaining the service-ability of a product, component, assembly, or construction overa specified time.3.2.7 electrochromic coating (ECC)the multilayered ma-terials that include the electrochromic layers, other layers, andtransparent conducting oxide layers required for altering theoptical prope
23、rties of the coating.3.2.8 electrochromic layer(s)the material(s) in an ECWthat alter its optical properties in response to the insertion orremoval of ions, for example, Li+or H+.3.2.9 electrochromic window (ECW)a device with anECC consisting of several layers of electrochromic and atten-dant materi
24、als, which are able to alter their optical properties inresponse to a change in an applied electric field. The change-able optical properties include transmittance, reflectance, andabsorptance result in changes in the solar heat gain, visibletransmittance, and U-factor of the window.3.2.10 fenestrat
25、ionthe placement of openings in a build-ing, that is, a window, door, or skylight and its associatedinterior or exterior elements such as shades or blinds.3.2.11 ion conducting layerthe material in an ECCthrough which ions are transported between the electrochromiclayer and the ion storage layer and
26、 electron transport isminimized.3.2.12 ion storage layer or counter electrode layerthematerial in an ECC that serves as a reservoir for ions that canbe inserted into the electrochromic layer.3.2.13 performance parametersthe photopic transmit-tance ratio (PTR), of at least 5:1 (PTR = tb/tc) between t
27、hebleached (for example, tbof 60 to 70 %) and colored (forexample, tcof 12 to 14 %) states; coloring and bleaching timesof a few minutes; switching with applied voltages from 1 to3 V; and open-circuit memory of a few hours, for example,contemporary ECWs typically have open circuit memories of 6to 24
28、 h.3.2.14 sealed insulating glass unitis defined in TestMethod E 2190 but see also Appendix X1, Section X1.3.3.2.15 serviceabilitythe capability of a building product,component, assembly or construction to perform the func-tion(s) for which it was designed and constructed.3.2.16 service life (of a b
29、uilding component or material)the period of time after installation during which all propertiesexceed minimum acceptable values when routinely main-tained.3.3 For additional useful definitions for terminology used inthis standard, see Appendix X1, Section X1.3.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide p
30、rovides a recommended systematic se-quence for using the referenced test methods for evaluating thedurability of ECWs as described in section 1.2.2,4(See Appen-dix X1, Section X1.4.)4.2 This guide provides a summary of the durability issuesaddressed by each of the series of standards that are necess
31、aryfor establishing a service lifetime of electrochromic coatings(ECCs) in insulating glass units (IGUs). When fully imple-mented in buildings in the U.S., ECCs in IGUs have thepotential of saving 4 to 5 % of our current energy consumptionfor all usesnot just buildings. Many of the standards thathav
32、e been and are being developed for the durability of sealedinsulating glass units are clearly relevant and important parts ofthe long-term national mission of replacing currently usedwindows with IGUs with ECCs, and these are cited in thereferenced standards. IGUs with ECCs will, of necessity, havet
33、o be able to pass the applicable standards listed in AppendixX1, Section X1.4, as well as an ASTM standard on windloading for IGUs. Passing these will not be sufficient becausethe operating temperatures of ECCs in IGUs is likely to be90C (194F) at the center-of glass, whereas the highesttemperature
34、used in Test Methods E 773 or E 2188 is 60C(140F). Listings of existing and proposed standards are givenin Table 1 and in Appendix X1, Section X1.4.5. Background5.1 Observations and measurements have shown that someof the performance parameters of ECWs have a tendency todeteriorate over time. In sel
35、ecting the materials, device design,and glazing for any application, the ability of the glazing toperform over time is an indication of that glazings durability.The ability of the product to perform over time, at or betterthan specified requirements, is an indication of the service lifeof the glazin
36、gs. While these two indicators are related, the4Czanderna, A. W., Benson, D. K., Jorgensen, G. J., Zhang, J-G., Tracy, C. E.,and Deb, S. K., “Durability Issues and Service Lifetime Prediction of Electrochro-mic Windows for Buildings Applications,” NREL/TP-510-22702, National Renew-able Energy Labora
37、tory, Golden, CO, May 1997; Solar Energy Materials and SolarCells, 56, 1999, pp. 419-436.E2354042purpose of this guide is to provide a recommended sequencefor assessing the durability of absorptive ECCs within sealedIGUs.5.2 ECWs perform a number of important functions in abuilding envelope includin
38、g: minimizing the solar energy heatgain; providing for passive solar energy gain; controlling avariable visual connection with the outside world; enhancinghuman comfort (heat gain), security, ventilation, illumination,and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and(possibly) improving
39、 acoustical performance. Some of thesefunctions may deteriorate in performance over time. Solar heatgain through an ECW is decreased because of two principalprocesses. Energy from the visible part of the spectrum isabsorbed by an ECW in the colored state. In addition, infraredradiation is either abs
40、orbed and reflected by the ECW materialsor is reflected by the transparent conducting oxide layers thatare used for applying the coloring or bleaching potentialsacross the other layers in the ECW.5.3 It is possible, but difficult to predict the time-dependentperformance of ECWs from accelerated agin
41、g tests because ofthe reasons listed below. Users of this guide should be aware ofthese limitations when reviewing published performance re-sults and their connection to durability.5.3.1 The degradation mechanisms of ECW materialsand/or glazings are complex. In some cases, however, thesemechanisms m
42、ay be determined and quantified.5.3.2 The external factors that affect the performance ofECWs are numerous and may be difficult to quantify. However,in some cases, the use, the environmental factors, and otherinformation that influence performance may be known.5.3.3 Fenestration units with tested EC
43、Ws may be differentfrom those planned for use in service. Some companies have adatabase of in-service performance that can be compared tolaboratory results.5.4 Degradation factors (or stresses) for ECWs include theion insertion and removal processes; temperature; solar radia-tion (especially UV); wa
44、ter vapor; atmospheric gases andpollutants; thermal stresses such as shock from sudden rain, aswell as during the diurnal and annual temperature cycles;electrochemically induced stresses in the multilayer thin-filmdevice; hail, dust, and wind; condensation and evaporation ofwater; and thermal expans
45、ion mismatches.2,4These factorsmay singularly or collectively limit the stability and durabilityof ECWs. Because the ECWs are expected to have themultilayer of coatings on one of the surfaces in the air space ofdouble-pane or triple-pane IG units with an inert gas fill in thesealed space, many facto
46、rs such as high humidity, atmosphericgases and pollutants, condensation and evaporation of water,and dust should not affect the durability of electrochromiccoatings in IG units.25.4.1 Establishing test procedures from which ECW dura-bility can be predicted and validated for in-service use is anextre
47、mely crucial element for the commercialization of ECWs,even for niche markets. To reduce the number of acceleratedtest parameters that are required to predict the long-termperformance of ECWs, accepted procedures or methods havenot been established for testing ECWs.2Because no uniformlyaccepted proc
48、edures or methods have been established for thereal-time testing of ECWs and because manufacturers andusers cannot wait 20 or more years for the real-time evaluationof each window design, accelerated life testing (ALT) methods,procedures, parameters, and evaluation must be used forassessing ECW stab
49、ility.2,4These include (a) rapid but realisticcurrent-voltage (I-V) cyclic tests emphasizing the electricalproperties, (b) ALT parameters that are typically used indurability tests by standards organizations, (c) ALT parametersthat are realistic for the intended use of large-area ECWs, and(d) how the ALT results must be related to real-time testing.2The purpose of this guide is to provide the recommendedsequence for using the referenced ASTM test methods forassessing the durability of absorptive electrochromic coatings(ECCs) within sealed insulating glass uni
