1、Designation: E2354 10Standard Guide forAssessing the Durability of Absorptive ElectrochromicCoatings within Sealed Insulating Glass Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides the recommended sequence forusing the referenced ASTM test methods for a
3、ssessing thedurability of absorptive electrochromic coatings (ECCs) withinsealed insulating glass units. Cross sections of typical electro-chromic glazings have three to five-layers of coatings thatinclude one to three active layers sandwiched between twotransparent conducting electrodes (TCOs, see
4、Section 3).Examples of the cross-sectional arrangements can be found2in“Evaluation Criteria and Test Methods for ElectrochromicWindows.” (For a list of acronyms used in this standard, seeAppendix X1, Section X1.1).1.2 This guide is applicable only for layered (one or moreactive coatings between the
5、TCOs) absorptive ECCs on visionglass (superstrate and substrate) areas planned for use in IGUsfor buildings, such as glass doors, windows, skylights, andexterior wall systems. The layers used for electrochromicallychanging the optical properties may be inorganic or organicmaterials between the super
6、strate and substrate.1.3 The ECCs used in this guide will ultimately be exposed(Test Method E2141) to solar radiation and deployed to controlthe amount of radiation by absorption and reflection and thus,limit the solar heat gain and amount of solar radiation that istransmitted into the building.1.4
7、This guide is not applicable to other types of coatings onvision glass with other chromogenic coatings, for example,photochromic and thermochromic coatings.1.5 This guide is not applicable to IGUs that will beconstructed from superstrate or substrate materials other thanglass.1.6 The test methods re
8、ferenced in this guide are laboratorytest methods conducted under specified conditions.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 There is no comparable International Standards Organi-zation Standard.1.9 This standa
9、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
10、TM Standards:3C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationE2141 Test Methods for Assessing the Durability of Ab-sorptive Electrochromic Coatings on Sealed InsulatingGlass UnitsE2188 Test Method for Insulating Glass Unit PerformanceE2189 Test Method for Testing Resistance to Fogging inInsulating G
11、lass UnitsE2190 Specification for Insulating Glass Unit Performanceand EvaluationE2240 Test Method for Assessing the Current-Voltage Cy-cling Stability at 90C (194F) of Absorptive Electrochro-mic Coatings on Sealed Insulating Glass UnitsE2241 Test Method for Assessing the Current-Voltage Cy-cling St
12、ability at Room Temperature of Absorptive Elec-trochromic Coatings on Sealed Insulating Glass UnitsE2355 Test Method for Measuring the Uniformity of anAbsorptive Electrochromic Coating on a Glazing Surface3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology C168 for definitionsof general terms.3.2 Defi
13、nitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.22 on DurabilityPerformance of Building Constructions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010.
14、 Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2354 04. DOI:10.1520/E2354-10.2Czanderna, A. W., and Lampert, C. M., “Evaluation Criteria and Test Methodsfor Electrochromic Windows,” SERI/PR-255-3537, Solar Energy Research Insti-tute, Golden, CO, July 1990.3For referenced AST
15、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
16、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 accelerated aging testan aging test in which the rateof degradation of building components or materials is inten-tionally accelerated from that expected in actual service.3.2.2 bleached statea descriptor for an EC coating whenno ions reside in the electrochro
17、mic layer or after ions havebeen removed (or inserted, depending on the type of material)from the electrochromic layer(s) and if applicable, the maxi-mum number of ions have been returned to the counterelec-trode layer to restore the photopic optical specular transmit-tance in the bleached state (tb
18、) from that of the photopic opticalspecular transmittance in the colored state (tc).3.2.3 colored statea descriptor for an EC coating afterions have been inserted (or removed, depending on the type ofmaterial) into the electrochromic layer and, if applicable,removed from the counterelectrode layer t
19、o reduce the photo-pic optical specular transmittance (of wavelengths from 400nm to 730 nm) from that in the bleached state (tb).3.2.4 durabilitythe capability of maintaining the service-ability of a product, component, assembly, or construction overa specified time.3.2.5 electrochromic coating (ECC
20、)the multilayered ma-terials that include the electrochromic layers, other layers, andtransparent conducting oxide layers required for altering theoptical properties of the coating.3.2.6 electrochromic layer(s)the material(s) in an ECcoating that alter its optical properties in response to theinsert
21、ion or removal of ions, for example, Li+or H+.3.2.7 electrochromic (EC) glazinga device with an ECCconsisting of several layers of electrochromic, attendant mate-rials, and one or more lites of glass, which are able to alter theiroptical properties in response to a change in an applied electricfield
22、. The changeable optical properties include transmittance,reflectance, and absorptance result in changes in the solar heatgain, visible transmittance, and U-factor of the glass.3.2.8 fenestrationAny opening in a buildings envelopeincluding windows, doors, and skylights.3.2.9 performance parametersth
23、e photopic transmittanceratio (PTR = tb/tc) between the bleached and colored states;coloring and bleaching times and open-circuit memory.3.2.10 sealed insulating glass unitis defined in TestMethod E2190 but see also Appendix X1, Section X1.3.3.2.11 serviceabilitythe capability of a building product,
24、component, assembly or construction to perform the func-tion(s) for which it was designed and constructed.3.3 For additional useful definitions for terminology used inthis standard, see Appendix X1, Section X1.3.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides a recommended systematic se-quence for us
25、ing the referenced test methods for evaluating thedurability of EC insulating glass units (IGUs) as described insection 1.2.2,4(See Appendix X1, Section X1.4.)4.2 This guide provides a summary of the durability issuesaddressed by each of the series of standards that are necessaryfor assesing the dur
26、ability of electrochromic coatings (ECCs)in insulating glass units (IGUs). When fully implemented inbuildings in the U.S., ECCs in IGUs have the potential ofsignificantly reducing our current energy consumption for alluses-not just buildings. IGUs with ECCs will, of necessity,have to be able to pass
27、 the applicable standards listed inAppendix X1, Section X1.4, as well as an ASTM standard onwind loading for IGUs. Passing these will not be sufficientbecause the operating temperatures of ECCs in IGUs canpotentially be as high as 90C at the center-of glass, whereasthe highest temperature used in Te
28、st Method E2188 is 60C .Listings of existing and proposed standards are given in Table1 and in Appendix X1, Section X1.4.5. Background5.1 Durability is a critical requirement for an EC glazingproduct for use on the building envelope. In selecting thematerials, device design, and glazing for any appl
29、ication, theability of the glazing to perform over time is an indication ofthat glazings durability. The purpose of this guide is to providea recommended sequence for assessing the durability ofabsorptive ECCs within sealed IGUs.5.2 EC glazing perform a number of important functions ina building env
30、elope including: minimizing the solar energyheat gain; providing for passive solar energy gain; controllinga variable visual connection with the outside world; enhancinghuman comfort (heat gain), security, ventilation, illumination,and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and4Czand
31、erna, A. W., Benson, D. K., Jorgensen, G. J., Zhang, J-G., Tracy, C. E.,and Deb, S. K., “Durability Issues and Service Lifetime Prediction of Electrochro-mic Windows for Buildings Applications,” NREL/TP-510-22702, National Re-newable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, May 1997; Solar Energy Materials an
32、dSolar Cells, 56, 1999 , pp. 419436.TABLE 1 Recommended Sequence for Using the Referenced or Planned Test Methods or Practice to Address Questions about theDurability or Serviceability of ECCs within an IGUStandard Qualification or Durability Question AddressedStability of the ECC within an IGUE2355
33、 Will the ECC in the IGU pass initial uniformity inspection and transmittance measurements in the colored and bleached states? This testmethod shall also be used to demonstrate if an acceptable uniformity is maintained after the specimens have been subjected to one or moreof the accelerated life tes
34、ts.E2241 Can the ECC survive at least 50 000 current-voltage (coloring/bleaching) cycles over 5000 h at room temperature without a loss in performancebelow an acceptable level”?E2240 Can the ECC survive at least 50 000 current-voltage (coloring/bleaching) cycles over 5000 h at the anticipated highes
35、t operating temperature of90C without a loss in performance below an acceptable level”?E2141 Can the ECC survive 50 000 current-voltage (coloring/bleaching) cycles at 90C in the presence of UV without a loss in performance below anacceptable level”?Assessing the Durability of the ECC within an IGU a
36、nd of the Stability and Durability of the IGUE2190 Will the IGU with the ECC pass the industry standard for the performance of IGUs?E2354 102(possibly) improving acoustical performance. Some of thesefunctions may deteriorate in performance over time. Solar heatgain through an EC glazing is decreased
37、 because of twoprincipal processes. Energy from the visible part of thespectrum is absorbed by an EC glazing in the colored state. Inaddition, infrared radiation is either absorbed and reflected bythe EC glazing materials or is reflected by the transparentconducting oxide layers that are used for ap
38、plying the coloringor bleaching potentials across the other layers in the ECglazing.5.3 It is possible, but difficult to predict the time-dependentperformance of EC IGUs from accelerated aging tests becauseof the reasons listed below. Users of this guide should be awareof these limitations when revi
39、ewing published performanceresults and their connection to durability.5.3.1 The degradation mechanisms of EC IGUs materialsand/or glazings are complex. In some cases, however, thesemechanisms may be determined and quantified.5.3.2 The external factors that affect the performance of ECIGUs are numero
40、us and may be difficult to quantify. However,in some cases, the use, the environmental factors, and otherinformation that influence performance may be known.5.3.3 Fenestration units with tested ECCs may be differentfrom those planned for use in service. Some companies have adatabase of in-service pe
41、rformance that can be compared tolaboratory results.5.4 Degradation factors (or stresses) for EC IGUs includethe ion insertion and removal processes; temperature; solarradiation (especially UV); water vapor; atmospheric gases andpollutants; thermal stresses such as shock from sudden rain, aswell as
42、during the diurnal and annual temperature cycles;electrochemically induced stresses in the multilayer thin-filmdevice; hail, dust, and wind; condensation and evaporation ofwater; and thermal expansion mismatches.2,4These factorsmay singularly or collectively limit the stability and durabilityof EC I
43、GUs. Because the EC IGUs are expected to have themultilayer of coatings on one of the surfaces in the air space ofdouble-pane or triple-pane IG units with an inert gas fill in thesealed space, many factors such as high humidity, atmosphericgases and pollutants, condensation and evaporation of water,
44、and dust should not affect the durability of electrochromiccoatings in IG units.25.4.1 Establishing test procedures from which EC IGUdurability can be predicted and validated for in-service use isan extremely crucial element for the commercialization of ECIGUs. To reduce the number of accelerated te
45、st parameters thatare required to predict the long-term performance of EC IGUs,accepted procedures or methods have not been established fortesting EC glazings.2Because no uniformly accepted proce-dures or methods have been established for the real-timetesting of EC IGUs and because manufacturers and
46、 userscannot wait 20 or more years for the real-time evaluation ofeach window design, accelerated life testing (ALT) methods,procedures, parameters, and evaluation must be used forassessing EC glazing stability.2,4These include (a) rapid butrealistic current-voltage (I-V) cyclic tests emphasizing th
47、eelectrical properties, (b)ALT parameters that are typically usedin durability tests by standards organizations, (c) ALT param-eters that are realistic for the intended use of large-area ECIGUs, and (d) how theALT results must be related to real-timetesting.2The purpose of this guide is to provide t
48、he recom-mended sequence for using the referencedASTM test methodsfor assessing the durability of absorptive electrochromic coat-ings (ECCs) within sealed insulating glass units in which theECC is on an inside glazing surface and of the preassembledpermanently sealed IGUs that are at least 250 by 25
49、0-mm.6. Procedure6.1 Study the referenced test methods and practices. Devotespecial attention to the sections on scope, significance and use,and an overview of each test method. Note especially that theadopted standard Test Method E2141 addresses the broadscope of assessing the durability of electrochromic coatings ininsulating glass units (IGUs).6.2 Note that the expected in service environmental expo-sures for the EC glazing will range from temperature extremesfrom 30C to 90C at the center-of-glass, relative humiditiesof up to 95 %, and solar irradiance of
