1、Designation: E 2358 04Standard Specification forthe Performance of Glass in Permanent Glass RailingSystems, Guards, and Balustrades1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2358; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railingsystems, guards and balustrades installed in
3、 agricultural, as-sembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, rec-reational, and residential buildings.1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanentglass railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems,rails, guards and balustrades having major structural co
4、mpo-nents made of glass, or the secondary components such as infillor balusters made of glass.1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook isbased on the health and safety of all potential users ofbuildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification pro-vide for normal and anticip
5、ated building uses, but not forabuses for which the building and its components are notdesigned.1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum require-ments and criteria that lead to satisfactory products undernormal use conditions and does not give consideration todesign criteria for specific fie
6、ld conditions, the establishment ofwhich is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer,specification writer, and regulatory agencies.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
7、to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminologies of Building ConstructionsE 2025 Test Method for Evaluating Fenestration Compo-nents and Assemblies for Resista
8、nce to Impact EnergiesF 1233 Test Method for Security Glazing Materials andSystemsE 935 Test Method for Performance of Permanent MetalRailing Systems and Rails for BuildingsE 1481 Terminology of Railing Systems and Rails forBuildingsE 2353 Test Methods for Performance of Glass in Perma-nent Glass Ra
9、iling Systems, Guards, and Balustrades2.2 Other Standards:ANSI Z97.1 Glazing Materials Used in Buildings, SafetyPerformance Specifications and Methods of Test3CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 Architectural Glazing Materials,Federal Register43. Terminology3.1 Definitions: General terms used in this standard tes
10、tmethod are defined in Terminologies E 631 and E 1481. Termscommon to this standard test method and referenced testmethods are defined in the respective document unless definedherein.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Failure LoadA load, which, if placed upon a struc-ture or te
11、st piece, is just great enough to break it.3.2.2 Glazing Retentionthe property of maintaining theglass or glazing material, post breakage, in a system, such thatthe glass must be held in the framing system with no openingsufficient to pass a 76 mm (3 in.) solid steel sphere through thesystem using a
12、 horizontally applied force of 18 N (4.0 lbs).3.2.3 Guard SystemA protective railing system along theouter edges of locations of an accessible roof, parapet, balcony,landing, platform or ramp, designed to minimize the probabil-ity of an accidental fall from the walking surface.3.2.4 Interlayera laye
13、r of material acting as an adhesivebetween lites of glazing, which adds additional performanceattributes to the finished product, for example: impact resis-tance, solar control, and acoustical insulation.3.2.5 Litea term for a single pane (or piece) of glass orother glazing material.3.2.6 Stileone o
14、f the upright structural members of aframe or a framework of bars1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56on Performance of Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings.Current edition approved No
15、v. 1, 2004. Published November 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American
16、National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330East-West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
17、4. Design Requirements4.1 Railing Height4.1.1 Guardrail Systems:4.1.1.1 The fabricated height of a guardrail system, mea-sured from its top surface to the finished floor level, shall be atleast 1070 mm (42 in.). When variation in the evenness of thefinished floor will result in any individual height
18、 measurementof the installed guardrail system to be less than 1040 mm (41in.), the fabricated height of the entire guardrail system shall beincreased accordingly.4.1.1.2 Within an individual dwelling unit, the requiredrailing height shall be permitted to be reduced as allowed bythe governing jurisdi
19、ction.4.1.1.2.1 Where the vertical distance between adjacent fin-ished floor levels is less than 1830 mm (72 in.), the height ofthe guardrail system shall be at least 810 mm (32 in) (Fig. 1).When variation in the evenness of the finished floor results inany individual height measurement of the insta
20、lled guardrailsystem less than 790 mm (31 in), the fabricated height of theentire guardrail system shall be increased accordingly.4.1.1.2.2 Where the vertical distance between adjacent fin-ished floor levels is a minimum of 1830 mm (72 in.), the heightshall be a minimum of 860 mm (34 in.) (Fig. 2).
21、Whenvariations in the evenness of the finished floor results inindividual height measurements of the installed guardrailsystem less than 840 mm (33 in.), the fabricated height of theguardrail system shall be increased accordingly.4.1.1.3 In public assembly, elementary school, and multiple-family bui
22、ldings where the vertical distance between stair andadjacent floor levels is more than 6100 mm (20 ft), the requiredheight of the top of the railing above the finished floorincluding any variation shall be at least 1220 mm (48 in.).4.1.1.4 For balconies in public-assembly buildings, therequired rail
23、ing height in front of the first row of fixed seatsshall be reduced to 660 mm (26 in.) provided adequate safetyis established by the design and approved by the authorityhaving jurisdiction; however, it shall be a minimum of 910 mm(36 in.) at aisle ends and a minimum of 1070 mm (42 in.)where aisle st
24、eps are perpendicular to the railing system.4.1.2 Handrails and Stair-rail Systems4.1.2.1 In corridors, ramp, walkways, and enclosed stair-ways having a slope of at least 1 in 20, the height of thehandrail of the stair-rail system, measured from its top surfaceto the finished floor level or tread-no
25、se line, shall be not lessthan 860 mm (34 in.) nor more than 970 mm (38 in.). When astair-rail system is higher than 970 mm (38 in.), a separatehandrail shall be installed at a height of not less than 860 mm(34 in.) nor more than 970 mm (38 in.).4.1.2.2 Where required and in childcare and educationa
26、lfacilities serving children under the age of 12 years, a secondseparate handrail shall be permitted to be installed at amounting height of 610 mm to 710 mm (24 in. to 28 in.). Thevertical clearance between the handrails shall be at least 230mm (9 in.).4.1.3 Transfer Rails Systemswhere transfer rail
27、 systemsare to be installed, such as in toilets and bathrooms, therequired height, measured from its top surface to the finishedfloor level, shall not be less than 760 mm (30 in) nor more than860 mm (34 in.).4.2 Railing System Penetration4.2.1 Various members of the railing system, such as balus-ter
28、s, screens, wire mesh, or scrolls, shall be arranged in such away that a sphere, 76 mm (3 in) in diameter cannot be passedthrough any opening in the system.4.2.2 Toe boards shall be provided in areas where tools andother objects could be dislodged and fall on occupants below.The top of the toe board
29、 shall not be less than 102 mm (4 in)and the bottom not more than 12 mm (12 in.) above the averagefinished level at the line of the vertical supports of the railingsystem.4.3 Handrail Design:4.3.1 Handrails shall be designed to permit continuoussliding of hands. The hardware chosen for attaching han
30、drailsto balusters or walls shall be such that projecting lugs, devices,or other construction elements shall have no sharp edges ordangerous protrusions.4.3.2 Handrail ends shall be returned to supporting walls orotherwise arranged to avoid projecting rail ends. Wall handrailsFIG. 1 Guardrail height
31、 for adjacent floors with wall heights up to but not including 1830 mm (72 in).E2358042at stairs and ramps and other handrails that are not continuousshall be extended horizontally for a distance of at least 305 mm(12 in.) beyond the intersection of the finish line (plane of treadnose lines) of the
32、stair or ramp and the landings, unlessinterference limits such an extension.4.3.3 The clearance between the handrail and the mountingsurface or any protrusions from this surface shall be 38 mm (112 in.). The handrail shall project no more than 89 mm (312in.) into the required egress width. The verti
33、cal clearance in arecess shall be in accordance with the provision in 4.4.5.4.3.4 The hand-grip portion of the handrail shall not be lessthan 32 mm (114 in.) or more than 51 mm (2 in.) in outsidediameter.4.4 Transfer Rail Design:4.4.1 Transfer rails shall be designed to permit continuoussliding of t
34、he arm and hand supporting the body weight duringtransfer. The hardware chosen for attaching the transfer railsshall be such that projecting lugs, devices, or other constructionelements shall not interrupt the continuous sliding of the arm orhand or catches loose clothing. The transfer rails, includ
35、ingtheir fasteners, shall not have sharp edges or dangerousprotrusions. The transfer rail top surface shall not be abrasive.4.4.2 Transfer rails shall be returned to supporting walls orotherwise arranged to avoid projecting rail ends that couldcatch clothing or objects during normal activity around
36、the railends.4.4.3 The clearance between the face of the transfer rail andthat of the mounting surface or any protrusions from thissurface shall be at least 38mm (1-12 in.).4.4.4 The hand-grip portion of the transfer rail shall have aperimeter of not less than 102 mm (4 in.) nor more than 165mm (6-1
37、2 in.), and a maximum to minimum cross-sectionaldimension ratio of not more than two.4.4.5 Transfer rails shall not be located in a wall recessunless this recess is not more than 76 mm (3 in.) deep andextends at least 460 mm (18 in.) above the top of the transferrail, with the extension parallel wit
38、h the wall surface or slopingfrom the depth of the recess to the wall surface above the recessin such a way that grasping of the transfer rail and transfer ofthe body weight is not impeded.4.5 Special Consideration Concerning Performance ofStructural SystemIn the event of lateral loading resultingfr
39、om wind and seismic forces, the designer of the railingsystem shall evaluate the influence of the railing system on thebuildings structural system.4.6 Permissible Dimensional Tolerances, except as indi-cated otherwise:4.6.1 Fabrication tolerances of components shall be within6 1.5 mm (0.0625 in.).4.
40、6.2 Alignment tolerances of installed products shall bewithin 6 6mm(14 in) within a length of 6100 mm (20 ft).5. Classification5.1 Classifications of systems passing the performance re-quirements are outlined in section 5 of this standard. Basicclassification shall indicate type of system (Type I th
41、rough VFIG. 2 Guardrail height for adjacent floors with wall heights equal to or greater than 1830 mm (72 in)FIG. 3 Recessed Transfer RailE2358043see Figs. 48c) and level of performance (1, 2, 3 or 4), withlevel one relating to Basic, level two relating to Safety, andlevel three and four relating to
42、 Enhanced.6. Performance Requirements6.1 The Performance Requirements are outlined in Table 1and section 6.2 below:6.2 Deflection Requirements6.2.1 The maximum allowable deflection at the required testload, measured at the top of the rail system at the critical pointof load application and from the
43、position of the rail afterrelease of the preload, shall not be more than described in6.2.1.1-6.2.1.4 of this standard.6.2.1.1 When the load is applied at the line of verticalsupport, the horizontal deflection shall not exceed the railheight (h) divided by 12 or h/12, with h being the distancebetween
44、 the surface of the uppermost post anchorage and thetop of the top rail.6.2.1.2 When the horizontal load is applied at the mid-spanof the rail, the horizontal deflection shall not exceed the sum ofthe rail height (h) divided by 24 plus the rail length (l) betweenthe vertical supports divided by 96,
45、or h/24+l/96.6.2.1.3 When the vertical load is applied at the mid-span ofthe rail, the vertical deflection shall not exceed the length (l)divided by 96 or l/96.6.2.1.4 Residual deflection at the released test load, which isat 50% of the preload, shall not exceed 20% of the deflectionpermitted in 6.2
46、.1.1-6.2.1.3 or 12 mm (12 in.), whichever isless.7. Pass/Fail Criteria7.1 Structural (Frame) Performance7.1.1 Complete glazing retention must occur and the glassmust be unbroken at the completion of each test.7.2 Shot Bag Impact Performance7.2.1 The glass shall be retained in the framing system such
47、that a 76 mm (3 in.) solid steel sphere shall not pass throughany part of the system using a horizontally applied force of 18N (4.0 lb).7.3 Pendulum Impact Performance7.3.1 The glass shall be retained in the framing system suchthat a 76 mm (3 in.) solid steel sphere will not pass through anypart of
48、the system using a horizontally applied force of 18 N(4.0 lb).8. Permissible Variations and Substitutions8.1 Thinner glazing shall qualify thicker glazing provided atleast one of the following criteria is met:8.1.1 Tempered Glass shall be capable of meeting thefragmentation particle size test as out
49、lined in CPSC 16 CFRPart 1201.8.1.2 Laminated glass shall have the same glass type (e.g.heat treatment) and minimum thickness of interlayer materialas that which was originally qualified.8.2 Laminated glass shall be permitted to be substituted fortempered glass provided the structural loads (frame loads) areFIG. 4 Type I: Four-side support - InfillFIG.5aTypeII:Two-sidesupport Single Lite InfillFIG.5bTypeII:Two-sidesupport Multiple Lite Infill (continued)FIG. 6 Type III: Point Fixed Glazing System - InfillFIG. 7 Type IV: Three-side support - StructuralFIG.8aTypeV:O
