1、Designation: E 2399 05Standard Test Method forMaximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis of GreenRoof Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining themaximum media density for purposes of estimating the maxi-mum
3、 dead load for green roof assemblies. The method alsoprovides a measure of the moisture content and the waterpermeability measured at the maximum media density.1.2 This procedure is suitable for green roof media thatcontain no more than 30% organic material as measured usingthe loss on ignition proc
4、edure Test Methods F 1647, MethodA.1.3 The maximum media density and associated moisturecontent measured in this procedure applies to drained condi-tions near the saturation point.1.4 The test method is intended to emulate vertical perco-lation rates for water in green roofs.1.5 The values stated in
5、 inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
6、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2325 Test Method for Capillary Moisture Relationshipsfor Coarse- and Medium-Te
7、xtured Soils by the Porous-Plate ApparatusD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of BuildingsF 1647 Test Meth
8、ods for Organic Matter Content of PuttingGreen and Sports Turf Root Zone Mixes -3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toE 631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions
9、of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 maximum media densitythe density of a mixedmedia material determined after it has been subjected to aspecific amount of compaction and hydrated by immersion tosimulate prolonged exposure to both foot traffic and rainfall.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe maximum media de
10、nsity appliesto drained conditions.3.2.2 maximum media water retentionthe quantity ofwater held in a media at the maximum media density.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis is useful measure of the capacityof a media to hold water under drained conditions.3.2.3 saturation pointthe moisture content at which thesoi
11、l tension in the mixed media is zero, but a free water surfacehas not developed.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe saturation point represents thetheoretical maximum moisture content that a material cancontain in a drained state.3.2.4 water permeabilitythe coefficient, which when mul-tiplied by the hydraulic gra
12、dient will yield the apparentvelocity with which water, at 68F (20C) will move through across-section of media.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe conditions created in this methodapply to freely-drained media where the free water surface islevel with the upper surface of the media layer (such as,impending accumu
13、lation of water above the surface of themedia).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves compressing a moist sampleof a media into a perforated mold using specified compactiondeveloped using a Proctor hammer. The sample is subsequentlyimmersed in a water bath for 24 hours to promote ful
14、lhydration of the material. After allowing the sample to drain1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.71on Sustainability.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published July 2005.2For referenc
15、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
16、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.briefly, its density and moisture content are determined usingstandard gravimetric procedures. This procedure also includesa method for estimating the water permeability using apseudo-constant head procedure.4.2 This test method involves measuring the density
17、 of themedia after the sample has been allowed to drain for 2 h. Thismeasurement is the maximum media density. The 2-h measure-ment is valuable to the green roof designer, since it is directlycomparable to media densities determined using the mostcommon international procedures for establishing gree
18、n roofdead load values.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method describes simple laboratory methodsthat provide reproduceable measurements of critical mediaproperties, and permit direct comparisons to be made betweendifferent media materials.5.2 The density of mixed media materials will vary depe
19、nd-ing on the degree to which they are subjected to compactionand the length of time that the material is allowed to hydrateand subsequently drain. Most green roof media materials havea large capacity to absorb and retain moisture. Furthermore,moisture will drain gradually from the media following a
20、hydration cycle. The maximum media density measured in thisprocedure approaches the density at the theoretical saturationpoint.5.3 Existing methods for measuring the capillary-moisturerelationship for soils (Test Method D 2325) rely on samplepreparation procedures (Test Methods D 698) that are notco
21、nsistent with the conditions associated with the placement ofgreen roof media materials. This procedure is intended toprovide a reproducible laboratory procedure for predicting themaximum media density, moisture content, and water perme-ability under conditions that more closely replicate fieldcondi
22、tions on green roofs.5.4 The value of this test method to the green roof designeris that it provides an objective measure of maximum probablemedia density (under drained conditions) for estimating struc-tural loads. It also provides a method for estimating the lowerlimit for the water permeability o
23、f the in-place media. Thislatter value is important when considering drainage conditionsin green roofs. Finally, the maximum media water retention hasbeen shown to be a useful indicator of the moisture retentionproperties of green roof media.6. Apparatus6.1 Apparatuscontains the following:6.1.1 Cyli
24、ndrical stainless steel container: inside dimen-sions 6.5 in. (16.5 cm) high with a 6-in. (15.2 cm) insidediameter and 125316-in. (4.75-mm) perforations in the bottom,6.1.2 U.S. #30 (0.6 mm) sieve disc, 5.8-in. (14.7-cm)diameter,6.1.3 Steel disk plate, 5.8-in. (14.7-cm) diameter,6.1.4 Proctor hammer
25、: 10 lb (4.54 kg), with fall height of 18in. (45.7 cm),6.1.5 Scale, accurate to 0.005 oz (0.14 kg),6.1.6 Drying dish,6.1.7 Plastic water immersion bath with minimum immer-sion depth of 8 in. (20.3 cm),6.1.8 Drain stand,6.1.9 Filter fabric disk, 5.8-in. (14.7-cm) diameter, forcovering the upper surfa
26、ce of the sample within the testcylinder,6.1.10 4-in. (10-cm) concrete cubes (for use as weights),6.1.11 Measuring scale, supported by a circular wire stand,with marks at 1.5 and 2.0 in. (3.8 and 5.0 cm), and6.1.12 Thermometer.7. Conditioning7.1 The procedure requires a damp sample. If the sample is
27、received in a dry condition, it must be moistened. Add waterand incorporate by gently mixing. After moistening, allow thesample to stand in an airtight container for 3 hours beforecontinuing the procedure.8. Procedure8.1 General:8.1.1 Establish the weight of the cylinder together with thebottom siev
28、e. Cover the perforations with the sieve disc, andfill the cylinder with the sample material to a height of 4.75 to5.5 in. (12 to 14 cm). The quantity of material added should besufficient to produce a sample height of approximately 4 in. (10cm) after being compressed.8.1.2 Cover the contained mater
29、ial with the steel plate andcompress with 6 blows of the Proctor hammer. Remove thesteel plate. Determine the sample height, Hi, in the compressedcondition, by measuring the depth from the top of the uppercylinder edge to the upper surface of the sample. Subtract thismeasurement and the thickness of
30、 the steel plate from theinside cylinder height. Compute the initial sample volume, Vi.8.1.3 Determine the weight of the container together withthe contained sample. Compute the initial sample weight, Wi,by subtracting the combined weight of the container andbottom sieve (see above).8.2 The sample v
31、olume and the sample weight must beestablished initially, before the sample is immersed. Anychange in sample volume during subsequent immersion shouldbe reported with the test results. A determination of the sampledensity in the dry condition is undertaken after determinationof the maximum media den
32、sity capacity8.3 Cover the upper surface of the sample with the filterfabric disc. Cover the fabric with the sieve disc and place thestone weights on top in order to minimize swelling of thesample during immersion.8.4 Place the cylinder in the immersion bath and slowly fillwith water to a depth of 0
33、.5 in. (1.25 cm) over the top of thesample. As required, fill to maintain the water level. Maintainthe temperature of the bath at 68F 6 5F (20 6 2.75C).8.5 Remove the cylinder after 24 hours of immersion. Placeon the drain stand and allow to drain for 120 min. Wipe theoutside of the container dry an
34、d remove the blocks and uppersieve disc. Do not remove the fabric. Weigh the cylinder withthe contained sample.8.6 Compute the sample weight, W120, by subtracting thecombined weight of the container and bottom sieve disc. Checkthe final sample height, H, and record changes from the initialheight. Th
35、is height will be used in the subsequent determina-tion of water permeability.E23990528.7 Return the cylinder to the drain stand. Place the mea-suring scale on the upper surface of the sample.8.8 Using water from the bath, at a temperature of 68F 65F (20 6 2.75C), fill the cylinder so that the water
36、 stands toa depth of 0.5 to 1 in. (1.25 to 2.50 cm) over the top of thesample. Add water continually to keep the water level approxi-mately constant.8.9 Begin the measurement as soon as a steady flow ofwater issues from the holes at the bottom of the cylinder. Fillthe cylinder to a depth greater tha
37、n the upper mark (2.0-in.(5.0-cm) mark). As the water level declines, note the time thatat which the water level first reaches the 2.0-in. (5.0-cm) mark.Determine the elapsed time, T, in seconds, required for thewater level to fall to the final water level (1.5-in. (3.8-cm)mark). Repeat 3 times and
38、average the results. Record thetemperature of the water that is collected from the bottom ofthe cylinder.8.10 Place the sample in a drying dish of known weight anddry at 220F (104C). Compute the weight of the dry sample,Wdry, by subtracting the weight of the dish.8.11 Conduct all tests in duplicate.
39、 If the results of two testsdiffer by more than 5 %, repeat a third time. Report all results.9. Calculation of Results9.1 Initial Media Density:Di5 Wi/Vi(1)Di= Initial media density, lb/ft3(kg/m3)Wi= Initial sample weight, lb (kg)Vi= Initial sample volume, ft3(m3)9.2 Maximum Media Density:MMD 5 W120
40、/Vi(2)MMD = maximum media density, lb/ft3(kg/m3)W120= Sample weight after draining for 120 min, lb (kg)9.3 Dry Media Density:Ddry5 Wdry/Vi(3)Ddry= dry media density, lb/ft3(kg/m3)Wdry= Sample weight after drying at 220F (104C) for 4hours, lb (kg)9.4 Maximum Media Water Retention:MMWR 5 100 * MMD Ddr
41、y!/62.4 in.2lb! (4)MMWR 5 MMD Ddry!/10! SI!MMWR = moisture content at the maximum media densityvolume %9.5 Water Permeability:KMMD5 30 * H/T * 1.75 1 H! in.2lb! (5)KMMD5 1.2 * H/T * 4.4 1 H! SI!KMMD= Water permeability measured at the maximummedia density, in./min (cm/s)T = Elapsed time for the wate
42、r level to fall by 0.5 in.(1.2 cm), sH = Height of the sample in the cylinder, measuredafter immersion, in. (cm)10. ReportThe report shall contain the following information for eachtest. At a minimum, two tests shall be conducted. Additionaltests are required if the results of the first two tests di
43、ffer bymore than 5 %.10.1 Initial sample weight,10.2 Initial volume,10.3 Initial sample height,10.4 Final sample height, after immersion for 24 h. Indicatepercentage change, if any,10.5 Sample weight after draining for 120 min,10.6 Initial media density measurements and average for theduplicate test
44、s,10.7 Maximum media density measurements and averagefor the duplicate tests,10.8 Moisture content at maximum media density measure-ments and average for the duplicate tests, and10.9 Water permeability measurements and average for theduplicate tests.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision
45、of the procedures for thesetest methods for measuring the maximum media density,moisture content at maximum media density, and water per-meability at the maximum media density is being determined.Parties interested in participating in interlaboratory test pro-grams should contact Subcommittee E06.71
46、.11.2 BiasThe bias for these measurements is undeter-mined because there are no reference values available for thematerials used.12. Keywords12.1 green roof; maximum density; media; water permeabil-ity; water retentionE2399053ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
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