1、Designation: E 2523 07An American National StandardStandard Terminology forMetalworking Fluids and Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used inthe metalwo
3、rking industry.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be anexhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metal-working fluid management and metalworking fluid health andsafety.1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-ing operations, fluid types and other terms ger
4、mane to thepractice of metalworking fluid management.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
5、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 2881 Classification for Metal Working Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD 7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE 1302 Guide
6、 for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE 1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Poten-tial of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE 1972 Practice for Minimizin
7、g Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE 2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE 2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalwork-ing or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE 2169 Practice for Selectin
8、g Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working FluidsE 2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formance2.2 Governm
9、ent Standards:329 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health Stan-dards, Hazard Communication40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices3. Significance and Use3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute tometalworking fluid management and plant environment healthand sa
10、fety management. Consequently, terms familiar to somestakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single docu-ment, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involvedwith both metalworking environment health and safety andfluid management.3.3 Use of ter
11、ms as defined in this terminology standard willenable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms inthe appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinarycommunications.4. Terminologyactive ingredient (a.i.), nthe chemical or components of anantimicrobial pesticide that provides its an
12、timicrobial per-formance. E 2169, E 2275acute dermal toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa.E 1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute dermal toxicity testing may provide1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 onOccupat
13、ional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 2523 - 06.2For referenced ASTM s
14、tandards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N.
15、Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxicaction of a substance. Moreover, some m
16、easure of irritation caused bythe fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the siteof application. Endpoint: mortality.acute inhalation toxicity, nthe potential of a fluid, vapor, orgas to cause death and other adverse health effects wheninhaled for a specified time period. E 1302DI
17、SCUSSIONThe endpoint may be mortality or other specific healtheffect designated in the test protocol.acute oral toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the oral route(ingestion). E 1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute oral toxicity tests are used to developwarn
18、ing statements on labels as may be required by OSHA HazardCommunication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal HazardousSubstances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen forsubchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in agaseous
19、 medium. D 1356antimicrobial pesticide, nchemical additive registered un-der 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation orboth of microorganisms. E 2169, E 2275DISCUSSIONAntimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or moreend-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose r
20、ange.as supplied (a.s.), adjantimicrobial pesticide finished prod-uct including the active ingredients, solvent and any addi-tional inactive ingredients. E 2275bactericide, nan antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-marily effective against bacteria. E 2169bioburden, nthe level of microbial con
21、tamination (biomass)in a system. E 2169DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).biocide, nany ch
22、emical intended for use to kill organisms.E 2169, E 2275DISCUSSIONBiocide is a term usually used synonymously with thepreferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial value, perfor-mance characteristics or both of a product (metalworkingfluid) or material (c
23、oolant system or finished parts) throughbiological processes. E 2169biofilm, na film or layer composed of microorganisms,biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debristhat forms as a result of microbial growth, proliferation andexcretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces(liquid
24、-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-onym: skinnogen layer). E 2169bioresistant, adjability to withstand biological attack.E 2169, E 2275DISCUSSIONBioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readilymetabolized by microorganisms.biostatic, adjable to prevent existing microbial
25、contami-nants from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.E 2169,E 2275DISCUSSIONBiostatic additives may be registered antimicrobialpesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.The difference between biocidal and biostatic performance may beattributed to dose, ch
26、emistry or both.boring, venlarging a hole that already has been drilled.DISCUSSIONGenerally boring is an operation of truing the previ-ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring isessentially internal turning.breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breat
27、h. D 1356DISCUSSIONThe workers breathing zone consists of a hemisphere300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisectingthe ears (D 7049).broaching, van operation in which a cutter progressivelyenlarges a slot or hole or shapes a workpiece exterior.DISCUSSIONLow teeth start the cu
28、t, intermediate teeth remove themajority of the material and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can bea one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which requirerepeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiplepasses.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas
29、dispenserimmersed in an absorbing liquid. D 1356coining, va closed-die squeezing operation in which allsurfaces of the work are restrained (coined).DISCUSSIONCoining often imparts a pattern or shape onto theworkpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation inwhich the punch bottoms a
30、gainst the workpiece and the die. It alsorefers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force isapplied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming sets the bend open butdoes not affect shape.collector, na device for removing and retaining contami-nants from air or other gases. D 1356contam
31、inant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalworkingfluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasiveparticles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi andmicrobiological decay products, and waste. E 1497contamination c
32、ontrol, nmaintenance of bioburden at anoperationally defined level, at or below which the bioburdendoes not affect the fluid or system adversely. E 2169control, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards related tothe use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processesand to provide appropriate suppl
33、emental, or interim protec-tion, or both, as necessary, to employees. E 1497coolant, nany liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heatremoval from metal removal, forming or both types ofmetalworking operations.DISCUSSIONCoolants are typically classified by the general chemi-cal composition as em
34、ulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils orE2523072synthetic fluid (Classification D 2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool andlubricate.demand, nthe sum of all factors that contribute to decreas-ing the effective concentration o
35、f antimicrobial pesticide.E 2169DISCUSSIONProcesses contributing to demand include, but are notlimited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals inthe fluid, adsorption onto surfaces, absorption into materials andtemperature.dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin. E 1497
36、DISCUSSIONDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The most common origins are irritant or allergic responses toa chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the initialonset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling);pruritis (itching); and
37、vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In moresevere cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to thecausative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time andsome medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher r
38、isk.dose, nconcentration of antimicrobial pesticide added totreated solution. E 2169, E 2275DISCUSSIONDose is generally expressed as either ppm activeingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).drawing, vprocess by which a metal blank is forced to flowthrough a die cavity without any constraint othe
39、r than againstbuckling.DISCUSSIONInternal resistance flow of the metal towards the punchand dies sets up compressive stresses which, combined with tensilestresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensionalshear.drilling, voperation in which a rotating tool is used to createa round h
40、ole in a workpiece.DISCUSSIONDrilling is normally the first step in machining opera-tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinkingand spotfacing.emergency, nany occurrence, such as, but not limited toequipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that
41、 results in an uncontrolled release of asignificant amount of metalworking fluid. E 1497employee exposure, nthe exposure to metalworking fluidsand contaminants which would occur without corrections forprotection by any respirator or other personal protectiveequipment that is in use.emulsifiable oil,
42、 na metalworking fluid that contains 30 %petroleum, synthetic, or vegetable oil plus emulsifiers, cor-rosion inhibitors and other additives. D 2881endotoxin, na lipopolysaccharide derived from the outermembrane of Gram-negative bacteria. E 1497, E 2144,E 2250endotoxin unit (EU), na biological potenc
43、y unit equivalentto the FDA Reference Standard Endotoxin (RSE). E 2144,E 2250DISCUSSIONCurrently EC-6 is equivalent to 0.1 ng 3D 1 EU.exposure, ncontact with a chemical, biological, physical orother agent over a specified period time. D 1356DISCUSSIONExposure is expressed as the integral of the conc
44、entra-tion (or intensity) of the agent at the boundary of the receptor over thetime period of contact, that is, E =*|C(t) dt.extractable mass, nthe material removed by the liquid ofthe sampling filter using a mixed polarity mixture asdescribed in Test Method D 7049. E 1972DISCUSSIONThis mass is an a
45、pproximation of the metalworkingfluid portion of the workplace aerosol.eye irritation, ndamage or inflammatory effect caused to theeye due to exposure to a chemical substance.folliculitis, nan inflammatory reaction in hair follicles.E 1497forming, vprocess in which material is stamped, stretched,ben
46、t or given a new shape without intentionally removingmaterial.fume, nproperly, the solid particles generated by condensa-tion from the gaseous state, generally after volatilizationfrom melted substances, and often accompanied by a chemi-cal reaction such as oxidation. D 1356DISCUSSIONFumes flocculat
47、e and sometimes coalesce. Popularly,the term is used in reference to any or all types of contaminant, and inmany laws or regulations with the added qualification that the contami-nant has some unwanted action.fungicide, nantimicrobial pesticide specifically or primarilyeffective against fungi. E 216
48、9gram-negative bacteria, nprokaryotic cells that have acomplex cell-wall structure that stains characteristicallywhen subjected to the differential Gram staining procedure.E 2250grinding, vmachining operation in which material is re-moved from the workpiece by a powered abrasive wheel,stone, belt, p
49、aste, sheet, compound, slurry, etc.gundrilling (gunning), vdrilling process using a single-lip,self-guiding tool to produce deep precise holes.DISCUSSIONDuring gunning, high-pressure coolant is fed to thecutting area, usually through the gundrills shank.half-life ( T12 ), ntime required for concentration of amicrobicide to diminish to one-half its original concentra-tion.honing, va low-velocity abrading process by which materialremoval is accomplished at lower cutting speeds than ingrinding.DISCUSSIONIn honing,
