1、Designation: E 2527 06Standard Test Method forRating Electrical Performance of Concentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Modules and Systems Under Natural Sunlight1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elec-trical performa
3、nce of photovoltaic concentrator modules andsystems under natural sunlight using a normal incidencepyrheliometer.1.2 The test method is limited to modules and systemswhere the concentrated irradiance on the component cells isgreater than 5000 Wm-2at the direct normal rating irradiance.1.3 This test
4、method applies to concentrators that usepassive cooling where the cell temperature is related to the airtemperature.1.4 Measurements under a variety of conditions are al-lowed; results are reported under a select set of concentratorreporting conditions to facilitate comparison of results.1.5 This te
5、st method applies only to concentrator terrestrialmodules and systems.1.6 This test method assumes that the module or systemelectrical performance characteristics do not change during theperiod of test.1.7 The performance rating determined by this test methodapplies only at the period of the test, a
6、nd implies no past orfuture performance level.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
7、atory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 6176 Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Tem-perature with Electrical Resistance Temperature SensorsE 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy ConversionE 816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers byComparison
8、 to Reference PyrheliometersE 1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Non-concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference CellsE 1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConversion2.2 IEEE Standard:IEEE 929-2000 Recommended Practice for Utility Interfaceo
9、f Photovoltaic (PV) Power Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this testmethod may be found in Terminology E 772, TerminologyE 1328, and IEEE Standard 929.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Concentrator Reporting Conditions, nthe ambienttemperature,
10、wind speed, and direct normal solar irradiance towhich concentrator module or system performance data arecorrected3.2.2 system, na photovoltaic module or array connectedto an inverter.3.3 Symbols: The following symbols and units are used inthis test method:E = direct normal irradiance, Wm-2Eo= ratin
11、g direct normal irradiance of 850 Wm-2P = maximum power, WPo= maximum power at concentrator reporting conditions(Eo, To, and Vo), WTa= ambient temperature, CTo= rating ambient temperature of 20Cv = wind speed, ms-1vo= rating wind speed of 4 ms-11This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
12、mittee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
13、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test
14、 Method4.1 Determining the performance of a photovoltaic moduleor system under natural sunlight consists of measuring themaximum power over a range of irradiance and air tempera-ture.4.2 Amultiple linear regression is used to rate the maximumpower3at standard concentrator reporting conditions, defin
15、edas To= 20C, vo=4ms-1, Eo= 850 Wm-2.4.2.1 A direct normal irradiance of 850 Wm-2was selectedfrom a resource assessment study4that showed when the globalnormal solar irradiance is near the 1000 Wm-2used in ratingflat-plate photovoltaic modules, the direct normal irradiance isabout 850 Wm-2.4.3 The a
16、ctual test data and the performance results are thenreported.5. Significance and Use5.1 It is the intent of this test method to provide a recog-nized procedure for testing and reporting the electrical perfor-mance of a photovoltaic concentrator module or system.5.2 If an inverter is used as part of
17、the system, this testmethod can provide a dc or ac rating or both. The dc or acrating depends on whether the inverter input or output ismonitored.5.3 The test results may be used for comparison among agroup of modules or systems from a single source. They alsomay be used to compare diverse designs,
18、such as products fromdifferent manufacturers. Repeated measurements of the samemodule or system may be used for the study of changes indevice performance over a long period of time or as a result ofstress testing.5.4 The test method is limited to modules and systemswhere the concentrated irradiance
19、on the component cells isgreater than 5000 Wm-2at Eo. This limitation is necessarybecause the total irradiance is measured with a radiometer witha field of view less than 6 and because the correlation betweenthe direct irradiance and the power produced decreases withincreasing concentrator field of
20、view.5.5 This test method assumes that the regression equationaccurately predicts the concentrator performance as a functionof total irradiance with a fixed spectral irradiance, wind speed,and air temperature. The spectral distribution will be seasonaland site specific because of optical air mass, w
21、ater vapor,aerosols, and other meteorological variables.6. Apparatus6.1 Test FixtureA platform that maintains an incidenceangle to the sun of less than 0.5. If the manufacturersspecifications require more accurate tracking than 0.5 inci-dence angle, the manufacturers specifications should be fol-low
22、ed. Concentrator systems shall be tested as installed.6.2 Air Temperature Measurement EquipmentThe instru-ment or instruments used to measure the temperature of the airshall have a resolution of at least 0.1C, and shall have a totalerror of less than 61C of reading. The instrument sensorshould be be
23、tween 1 and 10 m upwind from the geometricalcenter of the receiver and be mounted at least 2 m above theground. Further details on air temperature measurements canbe found in Practice D 6176.6.3 Irradiance Measurement EquipmentA secondary ref-erence pyrheliometer calibrated according to Test MethodE
24、 816.6.4 Wind Speed Measurement EquipmentThe instrumentused to measure the wind speed should have an uncertainty ofless than 0.5 ms-1. The instrument should be between 1 and 20m from the geometrical center of the receiver and be mountedat least 2 m above the ground. Because there are many possiblesy
25、stem configurations, care should be taken to minimize effectson the instrument readings from the system or nearby ob-stacles.Averaging readings from multiple instruments for largesystems may be required.6.5 Power Measurement EquipmentExamples of accept-able instrumentation to measure the output powe
26、r of themodule or system under test include:6.5.1 Current-voltage measurement instrumentation re-quired by Test Methods E 1036,6.5.2 ac or dc current and voltage measurement instrumen-tation, and6.5.3 ac or dc power meter.7. Procedure7.1 If required, mount the module or system to be rated onthe trac
27、king platform7.2 Connect the module or system to be rated to the powermeasurement equipment.7.3 Measure the direct solar irradiance E, air temperatureTa, and the wind speed v. The average wind speed for 5 minpreceding the power measurement should not exceed 5 ms-1.The data should be collected within
28、 610C of To.7.4 Measure the maximum power according to 7.2.9 of TestMethods E 1036. If an inverter is part of the system, measurethe ac or dc output power of the system. If the powermeasurement time is longer than 10 s, verify that the irradiancevariation is less than 61% and the wind speed is less
29、than 5ms-1.7.5 Reject data when there are visible clouds within 10 ofthe sun, or within the field-of-view of the device under test,whichever is greater7.6 Repeat 7.3 through 7.5 at least 20 times. For best resultsthe irradiance data should be evenly distributed in time andtemperature and E should be
30、 greater than 750 Wm-2.8. Calculation of Results8.1 Compute the regression coefficients a1, a2, a3, a4byperforming a multiple linear regression of P as a function of E,v, and Tausing:53Hester, S. I., Townsend, W. T., Clements, W. T., and Stolte, W. J., “PVUSALessons Learned from Startup and Early Op
31、eration,” Proc. of the 21st IEEEPhotovoltaics Spec. Conf., IEEE, New York, NY, 1990, pp. 937-943.4Kurtz, S., Myers, D., Townsend, T., Whitaker, C., Maish, A., Hulstrom, R., andEmery, K., “Outdoor Rating Conditions for Photovoltaic Modules and Systems,”Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 62, 2000, pp. 37
32、9-391.5Burden, R. L., and Faires, J. D., Numerical Analysis, 3rd ed., Prindler, Webermodules; performance; photovoltaic; rat-ing; systems; testingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
33、 this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five
34、 years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical co
35、mmittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2527063
