1、Designation: E2527 15Standard Test Method forElectrical Performance of Concentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Modules and Systems Under Natural Sunlight1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elec-trical performance of pho
3、tovoltaic concentrator modules andsystems under natural sunlight using a normal incidencepyrheliometer.1.2 The test method is limited to module assemblies andsystems where the geometric concentration ratio specified bythe manufacturer is greater than 5.1.3 This test method applies to concentrators t
4、hat usepassive cooling where the cell temperature is related to the airtemperature.1.4 Measurements under a variety of conditions are al-lowed; results are reported under a select set of concentratorreporting conditions to facilitate comparison of results.1.5 This test method applies only to concent
5、rator terrestrialmodules and systems.1.6 This test method assumes that the module or systemelectrical performance characteristics do not change during theperiod of test.1.7 The performance rating determined by this test methodapplies only at the period of the test, and implies no past orfuture perfo
6、rmance level.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
7、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D6176 Practice for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Tem-perature with Electrical Resistance Temperature SensorsE772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionE816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers byComparison to Reference PyrheliometersE1036 Test Method
8、s for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference Cells2.2 IEEE Standard:IEEE 929-2000 Recommended Practice for Utility Interfaceof Photovoltaic (PV) Power Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this testmethod may b
9、e found in Terminology E772, and IEEEStandard 929.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Concentrator Reporting Conditions, n the ambienttemperature, wind speed, and direct normal solar irradiance towhich concentrator module or system performance data arecorrected3.2.2 system, na p
10、hotovoltaic module or array connectedto an inverter.3.3 Symbols:The following symbols and units are used inthis test method:E = direct normal irradiance, Wm-2Eo= reporting direct normal irradiance of 850 Wm-2P = maximum power, WPo= maximum power at concentrator reporting conditions(Eo, To, and Vo),
11、WTa= ambient temperature, CTo= reporting ambient temperature of 20Cv = wind speed, ms-1vo= reporting wind speed of 4 ms-14. Summary of Test Method4.1 Determining the performance of a photovoltaic moduleor system under natural sunlight consists of measuring themaximum power over a range of irradiance
12、 and air tempera-ture.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 201
13、5. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2527-09. DOI:10.1520/E2527-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
14、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Amultiple linear regression is used to rate the maximumpower3at standard concentrator reporting conditions, definedas To= 20C, vo=4ms-1, Eo
15、= 850 Wm-2.4.2.1 A direct normal irradiance of 850 Wm-2was selectedfrom a resource assessment study4that showed when the globalnormal solar irradiance is near the 1000 Wm-2used in ratingflat-plate photovoltaic modules, the direct normal irradiance isabout 850 Wm-2.4.3 The actual test data and the pe
16、rformance results are thenreported.5. Significance and Use5.1 It is the intent of this test method to provide a recog-nized procedure for testing and reporting the electrical perfor-mance of a photovoltaic concentrator module or system.5.2 If an inverter is used as part of the system, this testmetho
17、d can provide a dc or ac rating or both. The dc or acrating depends on whether the inverter input or output ismonitored.5.3 The test results may be used for comparison among agroup of modules or systems from a single source. They alsomay be used to compare diverse designs, such as products fromdiffe
18、rent manufacturers. Repeated measurements of the samemodule or system may be used for the study of changes indevice performance over a long period of time or as a result ofstress testing.5.4 The test method is limited to modules and systemswhere the concentrated irradiance on the component cells isg
19、reater than 5000 Wm-2at Eo. This limitation is necessarybecause the total irradiance is measured with a radiometer witha field of view less than 6 and because the correlation betweenthe direct irradiance and the power produced decreases withincreasing concentrator field of view.5.5 This test method
20、assumes that the regression equationaccurately predicts the concentrator performance as a functionof total irradiance with a fixed spectral irradiance, wind speed,and air temperature. The spectral distribution will be seasonaland site specific because of optical air mass, water vapor,aerosols, and o
21、ther meteorological variables.6. Apparatus6.1 Test FixtureA platform that maintains an incidenceangle to the sun of less than 0.5. If the manufacturersspecifications require more accurate tracking than 0.5 inci-dence angle, the manufacturers specifications should be fol-lowed. Concentrator systems s
22、hall be tested as installed.6.2 Air Temperature Measurement EquipmentThe instru-ment or instruments used to measure the temperature of the airshall have a resolution of at least 0.1C, and shall have a totalerror of less than 61C of reading. The instrument sensorshould be between 1 and 10 m upwind fr
23、om the geometricalcenter of the receiver and be mounted at least 2 m above theground. Further details on air temperature measurements canbe found in Practice D6176.6.3 Irradiance Measurement EquipmentA secondary ref-erence pyrheliometer calibrated according to Test MethodE816.6.4 Wind Speed Measurem
24、ent EquipmentThe instrumentused to measure the wind speed should have an uncertainty ofless than 0.5 ms-1. The instrument should be between 1 and 10m away from the nearest edge of the receiver and be mountedat least 2 m above the ground. Ideally, the instrument should beat the center height of the r
25、eceiver and located in the directionof the prevailing wind. Care should be taken that the instru-ment readings are not affected by the test fixture or nearbyobstacles.6.5 Power Measurement EquipmentExamples of accept-able instrumentation to measure the output power of themodule or system under test
26、include:6.5.1 Current-voltage measurement instrumentation re-quired by Test Methods E1036,6.5.2 ac or dc current and voltage measurementinstrumentation, and6.5.3 ac or dc power meter.7. Procedure7.1 If required, mount the module or system to be rated onthe tracking platform7.2 Connect the module or
27、system to be rated to the powermeasurement equipment.7.3 Measure the direct solar irradiance E, air temperatureTa, and the wind speed v.7.4 Measure the maximum power according to 7.2.9 of TestMethods E1036. If an inverter is part of the system, measurethe ac or dc output power of the system.7.5 Ensu
28、re the maximum interval between data points is 5min.7.6 Reject data when the direct normal solar irradiance isless than 750 W m-2, the irradiance varies by more than 10 %from the maximum value to the minimum value recordedduring any 10 min interval, or the wind speed is greater than 8ms-1. If the wi
29、nd speed exceeds 15 m s-1, reject all data duringthe succeeding 10 min interval.7.7 Repeat 7.3 through 7.6 until at least 20 valid points areobtained. For best results the data points should be distributedaround the standard concentrator reporting conditions (To, vo,and Eo).8. Calculation of Results
30、8.1 Compute the regression coefficients a1, a2, a3, a4byperforming a multiple linear regression of P as a function of E,v, and Tausing:53Hester, S. I., Townsend, W. T., Clements, W. T., and Stolte, W. J., “PVUSALessons Learned from Startup and Early Operation,” Proc. of the 21st IEEEPhotovoltaics Sp
31、ec. Conf., IEEE, New York, NY, 1990, pp. 937-943.4Kurtz, S., Myers, D., Townsend, T., Whitaker, C., Maish, A., Hulstrom, R., andEmery, K., “Outdoor Rating Conditions for Photovoltaic Modules and Systems,”Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 62, 2000, pp. 379-391.5Burden, R. L., and Faires, J. D., Numeric
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