1、Designation: E2708 16E2708 17 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forAccreditation and Certification1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2708; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms related to accreditation and certification. These terms are compiled from existingAS
3、TM E36standards and other sources to enable the development of future ASTM documents and to provide guidance on proper usage ofthe terms. The first edition of this standard contained terms relating to personnel certificate and certification programs and isexpanded. The source document for each defin
4、ition is cited when an appropriate document is available. Many definitions are theproduct of the committee that compiled this terminology, and as such, are the result of the collected knowledge and experienceof the committee members.1.1.1 Since accreditation and certification are being carried out b
5、y many different bodies in many fields, usage of descriptiveterms can vary. There is no attempt to include all accreditation and certification terms in this terminology. Rather, this terminologycontains those terms most commonly encountered in accreditation and certification programs.2. Referenced D
6、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment (Withdrawn 2006)3E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Door
7、s UnderSpecified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the SpecimenE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE1986 Guide for Information Access Privileges to Health InformationE2135 Terminology for Property and Asset ManagementE2159 Guide for
8、Selection, Assignment, and Monitoring of Persons To Be Utilized as Assessors/Auditors or Technical ExpertsE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis and RheologyE2659 Practice for Certificate Programs2.2 Other Standards:ASAE Certification and Accreditation Law Handbook,
9、 Second Edition, 20044ICE Basic Guide to Credentialing Terminology, 20065ISO 9000 Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary, 20006ISO/IEC 17000 Conformity AssessmentVocabulary and General Principles, 20046ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Requirements for Accreditation Bodies Ac
10、crediting Conformity AssessmentBodies, 20046ISO/IEC 17024 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Requirements for Bodies Operating Certification of Persons, 20036ISO/IEC 17050-1 Conformity AssessmentSuppliers Declaration of ConformityPart 1: General Requirements, 200461 This terminology is under the jurisdict
11、ion of ASTM Committee E36 on Accreditation judging whether an individual or entity has met and continues to meet regulatoryrequirements; and recognizing the individual (certificant or license holder) or body (certification or licensure) as doing so.candidate, nin the context of personnel credentiali
12、ng, an applicant who has fulfilled specified prerequisites, establishingeligibility to participate in the credentialing process. ISO/IEC 17024certificant, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an individual who has earned a credential awarded through a certificationprogram. ICEcertificate, na
13、document (letter, card, or other medium) awarded to certificate holders that designates the successful completionof a credentialing programs requisites. E2659certificate holder, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an individual who has been issued a certificate after successfullycompleting a
14、 credentialing programs requisites. E2659certificate of attendance/certificate of participation, na document issued after an individual attends or participates in aparticular meeting or course. ICEDISCUSSIONTypically, there is no knowledge assessed prior to issuing this type of document.Acertificate
15、 of attendance or participation is not a credential, becausethe recipients are not required to demonstrate competence through assessment or meet agreed upon professional or trade standards.certificate program, na nondegree-granting education or training program consisting of (1) a learning event or
16、series of eventsdesigned to educate or train individuals to achieve specified learning outcomes within a defined scope, and (2) a system designedto ensure individuals receive a certificate only after verification of successful completion of all program requisites, including butnot limited to an eval
17、uation of learner attainment of intended learning outcomes. E2659certification, nprocedure and action by a duly authorized body of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of individuals, processes, procedures, or items in accordance with applicable requirements. E1424pr
18、ofessional certification, nin the context of personnel credentialing, procedure and action by a duly authorized body ofdetermining, verifying, and attesting in writing to the qualifications of individuals in a profession, in accordance with applicablerequirements associated with that profession.cert
19、ification agency, nthe organizational or administrative unit that offers or operates, or both, a certification program. ICEE2708 173certification board, na group of individuals appointed or elected to govern one or more certification programs, as well as thecertification agency, and responsible for
20、all certification decision making, including governance. ICEcertification body/entity, na body that conducts certifications of conformity. E1187certification mark, nthe symbol and use thereof which has been authorized by a certification body.certification process, nin the context of personnel creden
21、tialing, all activities by which a certification body establishes that anindividual fulfills specified requirements, including application, evaluation, decision on certification, surveillance, andrecertification.ISO/IEC 17024certification program, nthe standards, policies, procedures, assessment ins
22、truments, and related products and activities throughwhich individuals are publicly identified as qualified in a profession, occupation, role, or skill. ICEcommittee/certification committee, na group of individuals appointed or elected to recommend and implement policy relatedto certification progra
23、m operations. ICEcompetence, nin the context of personnel credentialing, demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and/or skills and, whererelevant, demonstrated personal plaint, nexpression of dissatisfaction, other than appeal, by any person or organization to a conformity assessment body oraccredit
24、ation body, relating to the activities of that body, where a response is expected. ISO/IEC 17000computer-based testing (CBT), nuse of computers to deliver assessments, and sometimes the scoring and reporting of theseassessments.conflict of interest, na conflict between the private interests and the
25、official or professional responsibilities of an individual ina position of influence and trust.confidentiality, nthe property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, orprocesses. E1986conformity assessment, ndemonstration that specified requirements
26、 relating to a product, process, system, person, or body arefulfilled. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONThe subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere such as testing, inspection and certification, as well as the accreditationof conformity assessment bodies.DISCUSSIONThe expr
27、ession object of conformity assessment or object is used to encompass any particular material, product, installation, process, system, personor body to which conformity assessment is applied. A service is covered by the definition of a product.third-party conformity assessment, nfor purposes of the
28、certification of persons, a conformity assessment activity that isperformed by a person or body independent of the person or organization being assessed. ISO/IEC 17000conformity assessment body, nentity that performs conformity assessment services such as testing, calibration, inspection, andcertifi
29、cation.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of this document, conformity assessment bodies are laboratories, inspection bodies, certification bodies, proficiency testing providersand reference materials producers. An accreditation body is not considered a conformity assessment body since they accredit conformi
30、ty assessmentbodies.conformity assessment system, nrules, procedures and management for carrying out conformity assessment. ISO/IEC 17000DISCUSSIONConformity assessment systems may be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.conformity surveillance, nevaluation of conformi
31、ty to determine the continuing conformity with specified requirements. E1187consensus, ngeneral agreement or accord on a matter that all can support; a majority of opinion, but not necessarily unanimity.E2708 174consensus process, na formal procedure for reaching general agreement or accord, which i
32、ncludes the elements of due process.constructed-response question, n in the context of personnel credentialing, a type of test item in which the candidate producesthe answer (for example, an essay or a fill in the blank) rather than selecting from multiple-choice options.consultancy, nparticipation
33、in any of the activities of a conformity assessment body (CAB) subject to accreditation. ISO/IEC17011DISCUSSIONExamples include:(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for a CAB;(2) Participating in the operation or management of the system of a CAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific tr
34、aining towards the development and implementation of the management system orcompetence of a CAB, or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training for the development and implementation of the operational procedures of a CAB.content domains, nthe in the context of personnel credentialing,
35、 the set of organized categories characterizing subject matterunder which knowledge and skills may be represented in specifications for assessment instruments. ICEcontinuing competence, nthe ability to provide service at specified levels of knowledge and skill, not only at the time of initialcertifi
36、cation/licensure but throughout an individuals professional career. ICEcontinuing education, nin the context of personnel credentialing, activities, often short courses, that certified or licensedprofessionals engage in to receive credit for the purpose of maintaining continuing competence and renew
37、ing certification orlicensure. ICEcredentialing, nthe process by which an entity authorized and qualified to do so, grants formal recognition to, or records therecognition status of individuals, organizations, institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meet predeterminedand standa
38、rdized criteria. ASAEcredentialing (licensing) authority, nan entity authorized and qualified to do so, that grants formal recognition to, or recordsthe recognition status of individuals, organizations, institutions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized
39、criteria. ASAEcredentialing process, na method for maintaining quality standards of knowledge and performance, and in some cases, forstimulating continued self-improvement. ICEcriterion-referenced standard, na pass-fail standard determined by characteristics of the test (for example, the difficulty)
40、 ratherthan characteristics of the candidates (for example, the ability).decertify/decertification, nto withdraw certification from an individual.designation, nthe title or trademarked label applied to the achievement of a credential. ISO/IEC 17000discipline/disciplinary action, nin the context of p
41、ersonnel credentialing, a formal, published process for the enforcement ofstandards governing the professional behavior (that is, ethics, standards of practice) of certificants or licensees. ICEdocument(1) v, to confirm (usually in writing) that a document is genuine;(2) v, to bear witness that some
42、one actually signed a document, such as a will;(3) n, documentation as evidence such as policies and procedures, test reports, etc.due process, na fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts.DISCUSSIONIn certification, all procedures set
43、by the certification body must be followed for each individual so that no prejudicial or unequal treatment results.eligibility criteria, nin the context of personnel credentialing, published criteria or prerequisites, often benchmarks foreducation, training and experience, with which applicants must
44、 demonstrate compliance in order to qualify for certification orlicensure. ICEeligibility requirements, nthe documents that support and show compliance with eligibility criteria.endorsement, nthe act of pledging or committing support to a program, proposal, or candidate.E2708 175equating, nin the co
45、ntext of personnel credentialing, a statistical process for determining comparability of scores across testforms in a given credentialing program.equivalence/equivalence of conformity assessment results, nsufficiency of different conformity assessment results to providethe same level of assurance of
46、 conformity with regard to the same specified requirements. ISO/IEC 17000essential element, nin the context of personnel credentialing, a statement that is directly related to a standard and specifies whata credentialing program must do to fulfill the requirement of the standard. ICEexamination/test
47、, na mechanism(s) that is part of the evaluation, which measures a candidates knowledge or skill using oneor more means, such as written, oral, practical, and observational. E1187essay, nan examination that requires a relatively lengthy, written response to the presentation of the writers topic.mult
48、iple choice examination/test, nan assessment of knowledge in which candidates select the correct response from amongseveral choices or alternatives.performance examination/test, nan examination approach wherein candidates must interact with real or simulated systems.DISCUSSIONPerformance examination
49、s/tests can be portfolios, on demand tasks that may be essays or experiments in response to a prompt or a problem, long termprojects, demonstrations of work, observations, etc.practical examination/test, nan examination that requires participation in an activity.examiner, nin the context of personnel credentialing, an individual with relevant technical and personal qualifications,competent to conduct or score, or both, an examination. ISO/IEC 17024expert, nan individual assigned by a credentialin
