1、Designation: E2727 101Standard Practice forAssessment of Rainwater Quality1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2727; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETable X1.1 alignment was editorially corrected in October 2014.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessingrainwater quality.1.1.1 This practice
3、 identifies a set of research and reportingrequirements that will permit the intended user to assess therainwater quality of a particular site.1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in gen-eral and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwaterquality. Where site conditions affect
4、ing rainwater exist, addi-tional assessment techniques may be required.1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practiceare (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial andcustomary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2)tofacilitate high quality, standardized water stewardshi
5、p proto-cols; and (3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that ispractical and reasonable.1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements forrainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide infor-mation in support of decisions relative to design and imple-mentation of rainwater harv
6、esting projects.1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwater,commercial or otherwise. However, it may provide informationin support of decisions relative to evaluation of propertyconditions and development options.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more sp
7、ecific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment.1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It isthe responsibility of the user of this practice to determineregulatory requirements applicable to rainwater qua
8、lity assess-ment and potential use(s).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address
9、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice fo
10、r Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence:Transaction Screen ProcessE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of BuildingsE2635 Practice for Water Conservation in BuildingsThrough In-Si
11、tu Water Reclamation2.2 EPA Documents:3CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com-pensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Super-fund3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions
12、 of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adjacent site, nany property or properties the borderof which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of theproperty, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguouswith that of the property but for a street, road, publicthoroughfare, or other ph
13、ysical barrier separating them.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain-ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings andConstruction.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published October 2010. DOI:10.1520/E2727-10E01.2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRi
15、os Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 brownfield site, nreal property, the expansion,redevelopment, or reuse of whichmay be complicated by t
16、hepresence or potential presence of a hazardous substance,pollutant, orcontaminant.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe term “brownfield site“ does notinclude a site described in Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), com-monly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B), even th
17、oughthis language tracks the definition of “brownfield site“ inCERCLA Section 101(39)(A) and (B).3.2.3 building department records, nthose records of thelocal government in which the property is located indicatingpermission of the local government to construct, alter, ordemolish improvements on the
18、property.3.2.4 catchment area, nsurface, including hard roofs,from which rainwater may be collected.3.2.5 first flush filter, ndevice that automatically divertsthe first flow of rainwater collected from the catchment area.3.2.5.1 DiscussionA first flush filter device usually con-tains a temporary st
19、orage of 50100 L (13.2126.42 gal) (al-though size is determined by specific design objectives of therainwater harvesting system) and a simple valve unit consistingof a ball and seat. The initial rainfall fills the storage and floatsthe ball until it rises up to the seat, blocking the opening to thes
20、torage.3.2.6 intended user, nindividual or organization identifiedby the entity assessing rainwater quality as being the one whorelies on that information to make decisions.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe intended user could be the client,the responsible party, program administrators, regulators, thefinancial
21、 community or other affected stakeholders, such aslocal communities, governmental agencies, or non-governmental organizations.3.2.7 nonpotable water, nwater that has not been treatedfor human consumption in conformance with applicable drink-ing water quality regulations.3.2.8 other contaminated site
22、, na facility that is describedin Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund,Section 101(39)(B).3.2.8.1 DiscussionA facility that is listed on the NationalPriorities List4or is proposed for listing would be an exampleof a contaminated s
23、ite.3.2.9 potable water, nwater that does not endanger thelives or health of human beings and that conforms to applicableregulations for drinking water quality.3.2.10 rainwater harvesting, vcollecting rainwater from acatchment area and storing it for future use.3.2.11 recognized environmental condit
24、ion, nthe presenceor likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleumproducts that may affect the catchment area.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe term includes hazardous sub-stances or petroleum products even under conditions in com-pliance with laws. The term is not intended to include deminimis cond
25、itions that generally do not present a threat tohuman health or the environment and that generally would notbe the subject of an enforcement action if brought to theattention of appropriate governmental agencies. Conditionsdetermined to be de minimis are not recognized environmentalconditions.4. Sig
26、nificance and Use4.1 As the worlds population increases, so does the needfor water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers aviable, sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source of watersupply for many rural and remote households
27、where no otherwater supply is available. In urban and suburban locations,rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reducepeak demands and help delay the need for expanding watertreatment plants.4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water runoff,nonpoint source pollution, and erosion i
28、n urban environments.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundancies anddiversified systems that decrease security issues associatedwith centralized facilities.4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary fordetermination of appropriate uses for water collected andstored in rainwater har
29、vesting systems. This practice identifiesa set of research and reporting requirements that will permit theintended user to assess the rainwater quality of a particular site.5. Baseline Characterization of Rain Water Quality5.1 Assumptions:5.1.1 The following assumptions are utilized in delineatingba
30、seline rain water quality.5.1.1.1 Rainwater is considered uncontaminated until it fallson a surface.5.1.1.2 Proper maintenance is provided for the rainwaterharvesting system in accordance with recommendations of thesystem manufacturer.5.1.1.3 Rainwater that is collected (that is, harvested rain-wate
31、r) through a leaf/debris screen of minimum 8 mm(0.32 in.) and an insect screen of minimum 1 mm (0.039 in.)stainless steel mesh, after a first flush filter, and does not haveunique site considerations as identified in Section 6 shall beassumed to have the baseline quality characteristics listedherein
32、.5.2 Baseline Quality Characteristics:5.2.1 pH 6.0 7.0.5.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 10 mg L(0.00035 oz 0.26 gal).5.2.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) 2.5.2.4 Fecal ColiformNo detectable fecal coli/100 mL(0.027 gal).5.2.5 SodiumNo detectable sodium/100 mL (0.027 gal).5.2.6 ChlorineNo det
33、ectable chlorine/100 mL(0.027 gal).5.2.7 EnterovirusesNo detectable entereoviruses/100 mL(0.027 gal).4The National Priorities List (NPL) is a list compiled by EPA pursuant toCERCLA 42 U.S.C. 9605(a)(8)(B) of properties with the highest priority forcleanup pursuant to EPAs Hazard Ranking System. (See
34、 40 C.F.R. Part 300.)E2727 10126. Unique Site Considerations Review Process6.1 The contents of rainwater may vary by geographicalregion and by unique site considerations. Water can collect andtransport particulates and debris. Water can function as asolvent, absorbing contaminants and minerals. Thus
35、, baselinerainwater quality may be affected by the surfaces and sub-stances with which it comes in contact.6.2 Review of the site considerations listed in Table 1 isintended to identify recognized environmental conditions.Recognized environmental conditions will affect water qualityand may limit use
36、 of rainwater in potable water applications ornon-potable water applications, or both.6.2.1 Accuracy and CompletenessAccuracy and com-pleteness of record information varies among informationsources, including governmental sources. Record informationis often inaccurate or incomplete. The entity provi
37、ding anassessment is not obligated to identify mistakes or insufficien-cies in information provided, but shall make a reasonable effortto identify mistakes or insufficiencies that are suspected or maybe determined during review of site considerations.6.2.2 Reasonably Ascertainable/Standard SourcesAv
38、ailability of record information varies by source, includinggovernmental jurisdictions. The entity providing an assessmentis not obligated to identify, obtain, or review every possiblerecord that might exist with respect to a property. Instead, thispractice identifies record information that shall b
39、e reviewedfrom standard sources, and such that is reasonably ascertain-able from those standard sources. Record information that isreasonably ascertainable means (1) information that is publiclyavailable, (2) information that is obtainable from its sourcewithin reasonable time and cost constraints,
40、and (3) informa-tion that is practically reviewable.6.2.3 Publicly AvailableInformation that is publicly avail-able means that the source of the information allows access tothe information by anyone upon request.6.2.4 Reasonable Time and CostInformation that is ob-tainable within reasonable time and
41、 cost constraints means thatthe information will be provided by the source within 20calendar days of receiving a written, telephone, or in personrequest at no more than a nominal cost intended to cover thesources cost of retrieving and duplicating the information.Information that can only be reviewe
42、d by a visit to the sourceis reasonably ascertainable if the visit is permitted by thesource within 20 days of request.TABLE 1 Site Consideration Review QuestionsQuestionConclusion Sources Supporting ConclusionNo Yes Observation Documents InterviewsIs the catchment in an urban environment?Is the cat
43、chment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a busy road or highway?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an agricultural property thatis not fully organic?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of an industrial facility?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a fueling station?Is the catchment within
44、500 m (1640 ft) of a railroad or 1 km (0.62 mi)of a rail yard?Is the catchment within 1 km (0.62 mi) of an airport?Is the catchment within 500 m (1640 ft) of a brownfield or othercontaminated property?Has an environmental Site Assessment conducted in accordance withPractice E1527 or Practice E1528,
45、or both, reported a recognized en-vironmental condition within 500 m (1640 ft) of the catchment area?Is there evidence of recognized environmental conditions within 500 m(1640 ft) of the catchment area?Is the catchment area within 10 km (6.2 mi) of coastal waters?Are there any other unique site cond
46、itions, including recent events andtemporary conditions, that indicate potential to contaminate the catch-ment area?E2727 10136.3 Table 1 lists review questions for the site.Answers to thequestions should be obtained from the following sources:6.3.1 Physical ObservationReview site, including catch-m
47、ent area, and adjacent sites.6.3.2 Document Research:6.3.2.1 InfrastructureReview water and wastewater infra-structure serving the site. Documents may include site plansand utility records.6.3.2.2 ContextReview context of site, including catch-ment area. Documents may include maps, aerial photograph
48、s,zoning plans, and National Atmospheric DepositionProgramNational Trends Network (NADP/NTN) data.NOTE 1The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the lead federalagency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemicalconstituents deposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet, and snow) inthe Un
49、ited States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides:(1 ) Participation and leadership in the NADP/NTN;5and(2) Scientific research and assessment to evaluate the effects ofatmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.The NADP monitors wet atmospheric deposition at over 250 NTN sitesthroughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250active NADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is toprovide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-qualitydatabase of atmosph
