1、Designation: E2751/E2751M 17Standard Practice forDesign and Performance of Supported Laminated GlassWalkways1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2751/E2751M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearingglass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings construct
3、edwith laminated glass. This standard includes performance,design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses thecharacteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues thatare common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, areaddressed in existing referenced standards.1.2 This practice do
4、es not address glass walkways con-structed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glassunits, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glassstructural substrate, or glass walkways intended to supportvehicular traffic.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
5、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
6、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1028 Test Method for Determi
7、ning the Static Coefficient ofFriction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by theHorizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn2014)3C1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-pered Flat GlassC1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat
8、 GlassE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass inBuildingsF609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter(HPS)2.2 ANSI Standard:4ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007 ANSI Technical Report, Us-ing VariableAngle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement oft
9、he Slip Resistance of Walkway Surfaces2.3 UL Standard:5UL 410 Standard for Safety for Slip Resistance of FloorSurface Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms related tobuilding construction used in this practice, refer to Terminol-ogy E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
10、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 duration of loadthe period of continuous applicationof a given load, or the aggregate of periods of intermittentapplications of the same load.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAny load duration longer than one hourshall be considered a permanent load. Uniformly distributed1This practice
11、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56 onPerformance of Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previo
12、us edition approved in 2013 as E2751/E2751M13.DOI: 10.1520/E2751_E2751M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
13、 ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,W
14、A 98607-8542, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th
15、eDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1live loads shall have a load duration of at least one hour.Concentrated live loads shall have a load duration of at leastten minutes.3.2.2 ethylene
16、vinyl acetate (EVA) interlayerco-polymerof ethylene and vinyl acetate used to permanently bond two ormore lites of glass.3.2.3 glass-clad polycarbonate laminateassembly con-sisting of two or more lites of glass and one or more sheets ofpolycarbonate bonded by interlayers.3.2.4 ionomer interlayera pa
17、rtially neutralized copolymerof ethylene and acrylic or methacrylic acid, used to perma-nently bond two or more lites of glass.3.2.5 laminated glassan assembly consisting of two ormore lites of glass bonded by an interlayer.3.2.6 liquid resin interlayerliquid formulations, generallypolyester-, ureth
18、ane-, or acrylic-based, that react to form solidinterlayers after being introduced between two lites of glass.3.2.7 polyurethane interlayerpolymer sheeting based onisocyanates and mostly polyester or acrylic polyols, or both.3.2.8 polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayerpolymer sheetingprepared from polyv
19、inyl alcohol by reaction with butyralde-hyde used to permanently bond two or more lites of glass.3.2.9 post-breakage glass retentionthe ability of the bro-ken glass to remain in place so as to reduce cutting and piercinginjuries from the broken shards and to prevent fall through orglass fallout.3.2.
20、10 slip resistantthe provision of adequate slip resis-tance to reduce the likelihood of slip for pedestrians usingreasonable care on the walking surface under expected useconditions.3.2.11 supported glass walkwayany glass walkway with afree spanning section, including continuous or local multiplesup
21、ports at the edge or any location of the glass.3.2.12 walkway surfacesinterior and exterior walking sur-faces constructed and intended for pedestrian use, includingbut not limited to floors, ramps, sidewalks, and stair treads.4. Significance and Use4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time
22、 andtemperature-dependent properties than other solid materialsused as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is animportant consideration in the design and construction of glasstreads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important cons
23、ider-ation in the design of a glass walkway system as a means ofminimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-throughor fallout of the glass.4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculationsby a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.4.4 If testing is required
24、 (see 4.4.1 4.4.3) to verifypost-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testingshall be in accordance with Section 6.4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testingis required.4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verifi-cation testing is not required provided
25、 that calculations com-pleted in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glassassembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design loadwith any one glass ply broken.4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior bycalculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration inaccordance with Ta
26、ble 1 shall be used for all load cases.4.5 The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systemsshall provide installation directions and fabrication and instal-lation tolerances of their systems.4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway systemafter glass breakage shall be sufficient to supp
27、ort the designloads after any one glass ply is broken. If damage of any kindoccurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installationshall be inspected to ensure structural integrity and pedestriansafety of the system.5. Calculation Procedure5.1 Use established engineering methods, such as engi
28、neer-ing mechanics or finite element analysis, to determine glassassembly stresses and deflections. Such methods shall accountfor temperature, boundary conditions, loading requirements,load duration, interlayer properties, and glass strength.5.2 Design Criteria:5.2.1 Assign nominal load conditions o
29、r combinations ofload conditions as required by the specifying authority.Additionally, the final design shall include consideration of aconcentrated live load of at least 136 kg 300 lb applied to allglass walking surfaces in a 2600 mm24 in.2 area.5.2.2 Determine maximum allowable material stress.5.2
30、.2.1 GlassRefer to Table 1 to determine allowableglass stress.(1) Use minimum glass thickness in accordance withSpecification C1036, Table 2, for design purposes.5.2.2.2 InterlayerConsult the interlayer manufacturer forinterlayer material properties, load duration and temperaturebehavior. Typical in
31、terlayers are PVB, ionomer, liquid resin,EVA, and polyurethane.5.2.2.3 Other Laminate MaterialsConsult the supplier forproperties of other laminate materials, such as polycarbonate.TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nominal Load ConditionsNOTE 1An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recomm
32、endedfor disruptive surface treatments, for example, sandblasting, unlessotherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stress reduction factormay be required for some acid etched or patterned glasses; consult themanufacturer.NOTE 2Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamededges), facto
33、red for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1,using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, andn = 48 for tempered glass.Glass Type3-secMPa psi10-minMPa psi60-minMPa psiPermanentMPa psiAnnealed 18.3 2650 13.2 1902 11.7 1701 5.7 827Heat-strengthened36.5 5300 30.9 44
34、82 29.2 4235 20.3 2944Tempered 73.0 10 600 65.3 9471 63.0 9137 49.4 7165E2751/E2751M 1725.2.3 The structural support system shall provide sufficientstrength to support the combined applicable loads.5.2.4 Deflection of the floor members shall conform torelevant building code requirements.6. Post-brea
35、kage Verification Test Methods6.1 Assign nominal load conditions or combinations of loadconditions as required by the specifying authority.6.2 Test for the dominant load case (uniform load orconcentrated load) as determined by calculations in accordancewith Section 5.6.3 Test the glass as a system w
36、ith frame and attachments.6.4 For walkways with two supported edges, test a panelwith the largest span between supports. For walkways withthree or more supported edges, test the sample size thatrepresents the most demanding or highest stress condition.6.5 Condition glass for at least four hours at t
37、he sametemperature at which it will be tested.6.6 Conduct testing at the maximum temperature for theintended use environment. When the intended end use envi-ronment is unknown, conduct testing at 50C and 0C 6 5C.6.7 Concentrated Load Testing:6.7.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavor
38、-able results. The worst case condition shall be determined byanalysis or all combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.7.2 Apply the specified load over a 2600 mm24 in.2 areaat a rate of 45.4 kg 100 lbs per minute up to the design loadand hold for a duration of 10 min.6.7.3 At the conclusion o
39、f testing, no additional glass pliesshall have broken.6.8 Uniform Load Testing:6.8.1 Break any one glass lite to produce the most unfavor-able results. Worst case condition shall be determined byanalysis or all combinations of broken glass shall be tested.6.8.2 Apply the specified uniform load at a
40、rate of 30 psf-min up to the design pressure and hold for a duration of60 min.6.8.3 At the conclusion of testing, no additional glass pliesshall have broken.7. Other Considerations7.1 Slip Resistance:7.1.1 A minimum static coefficient of friction of 0.5 isrecommended for walking surfaces under dry c
41、onditions. Wetor contaminated conditions may require the use of specialprecautions and measures to minimize the risk of slips andfalls.7.1.2 Non-level walkways or walkways on which otherspecial activities take place, such as lifting, running, athleticactivities, may require a higher level of slip re
42、sistance.7.1.3 Appropriate levels of slip resistance can be accom-plished through a variety of glass surface treatments, includingsandblasting, acid-etching, ceramic frit, embossing, kilncasting/fusing, and other processes designed to treat the walk-ing surface.7.1.4 The selection of the slip resist
43、ant treatment shall bemade according to the intended use and desired durability ofthe walking surface.7.1.5 Evaluate slip resistance using one of the following testmethods or by other methods selected as appropriate for use:7.1.5.1 Test Method C1028;7.1.5.2 Test Method F609;7.1.5.3 UL 410;7.1.5.4 AN
44、SI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007.7.1.6 Certifications of slip resistance shall be conducted byindependent testing laboratories or agencies.7.2 Materials:7.2.1 Glass SelectionGlass selection is based on manyfactors, including strength, fabrication, durability, aesthetics,cost, and glass post-breakage behavior
45、.7.2.1.1 Annealed GlassRefer to Specification C1036 forrequirements pertaining to flat glass.7.2.1.2 Heat-Strengthened GlassRefer to SpecificationC1048 for requirements pertaining to heat-strengthened glass.7.2.1.3 Tempered GlassRefer to Specification C1048 forrequirements pertaining to tempered gla
46、ss.7.2.1.4 Laminated GlassRefer to Specification C1172 forrequirements pertaining to laminated glass.7.2.2 Interlayer SelectionInterlayer selection is based onmany factors, including strength, fabrication, durability,aesthetics, cost, and glass post-breakage behavior.7.3 Structural Support System:7.
47、3.1 The glass edge support system shall be sufficientlystiff to limit the deflection of the supported glass edges underthe design load to no more than L/500 of their lengths, whereL is the supported length of the glass, unless analysis takinginto account frame deflection effects on glass stress is c
48、arriedout in combination with the design loads in accordance withSection 5.7.3.2 The glass shall be cushioned to prevent direct contactwith the glass support system.7.4 Dynamic Use Considerations:7.4.1 The licensed design professional shall consider thenecessity of a glass floor systems vibration re
49、view, and ifnecessary, perform such review. Considerations may includesystem continuity, supports, and deflection compatibility withadjacent structures.7.5 Fire Resistance Requirements:7.5.1 Glass walkways shall provide a fire rating whenrequired by the authority having jurisdiction.7.6 Visual Cues:7.7 Glass walkways present a special challenge in balancingthe visual characteristics of glass with considerations of safety.Visual cues of conditions that impair the ability of pedestriansto walk safely sha
