1、Designation: E2771 112Standard Terminology forHomeland Security Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2771; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially transferred terms in January 2014.2NOTEEditorially transferred terms in January 2017.1. Scope1.1 This terminology provides definitions and abbreviat
3、ionsof terms used in ASTM International standards pertaining tohomeland security applications.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plas-tics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD790 Test Methods for Fl
4、exural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Ap-parel SizingE1765 P
5、ractice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Projects, Products, and ProcessesE2411 Specification for Chemical Warfare Vapor Detector(CWVD) (Withdrawn 2014)3E2413 Guide for Hospital Preparedness and ResponseE2458 Practices for Bu
6、lk Sample Collection and SwabSample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of BeingBiothreat Agents from Nonporous SurfacesE2520 Practice for Measuring and Scoring Performance ofTrace Explosive Chemical DetectorsE2521 Terminology for Evaluating Response Robot Capa-bilitiesE2541 Guide for Stakeholde
7、r-Focused, Consensus-BasedDisaster Restoration Process for Contaminated AssetsE2542 Specification for Portable Water Heaters Used atPersonnel Decontamination StationsE2543 Specification for Portable Air Heaters Used at Per-sonnel Decontamination Stations and SheltersE2601 Practice for Radiological E
8、mergency ResponseE2639 Test Method for Blast Resistance of Trash Recep-taclesE2640 Guide for Resource Management in Emergency Man-agement and Homeland SecurityE2668 Guide for Emergency Operations Center (EOC) De-velopmentE2677 Test Method for Determining Limits of Detection inExplosive Trace Detecto
9、rsE2731 Specification for Materials to Mitigate the Spread ofRadioactive Contamination after a Radiological Disper-sion EventE2732 Practice for Responder Family Support ServiceE2739 Specification for Personnel Decontamination Systemto be Used During a Chemical EventE2740 Specification for Trash Rece
10、ptacles Subjected toBlast Resistance TestingE2770 Guide for Operational Guidelines for Initial Responseto a Suspected Biothreat AgentE2800 Practice for Characterization of Bacillus Spore Sus-pensions for Reference MaterialsE2831/E2831M Guide for Deployment of Blast ResistantTrash Receptacles in Crow
11、ded PlacesE2842 Guide for Credentialing for Access to an Incident orEvent SiteE2851/E2851M Specification for Ruggedness Requirementsfor HAZMAT InstrumentationE2852 Guide for Acquisition, Maintenance, Storage, andUse of Hazardous Material Detection InstrumentationE2866 Test Method for Determination o
12、f DiisopropylMethylphosphonate, Ethyl Methylphosphonic Acid, Iso-propyl Methylphosphonic Acid, Methylphosphonic Acid1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 onHomeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE54.92 on Terminology.Current edition
13、 approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. DOI: 10.1520/E2771-11E02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
14、ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr
15、inciples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1and Pinacolyl Methylphosphonic Acid in Soil by Pressur-ized Fluid Extrac
16、tion and Analyzed by LiquidChromatography/Tandem MaE2885 Specification for Handheld Point Chemical VaporDetectors (HPCVD) for Homeland Security ApplicationsE2915 Guide for Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Man-agementE2951 Guide for Community Emergency Preparedness forPersons with DisabilitiesE2952
17、Specification forAir-Purifying Respiratory ProtectiveSmoke Escape Devices (RPED)E3002 Practice for Assessing the Comparative Efficacy ofProducts Used for the Decontamination of ChemicalWarfare Agents (CWAs) on SkinE3003 Practice for Body Armor Wearer Measurement andFitting of ArmorE3004 Specificatio
18、n for Preparation and Verification of ClayBlocks Used in Ballistic-Resistance Testing of Torso BodyArmorE3005 Terminology for Body ArmorE3062 Specification for Indoor Ballistic Test Ranges forSmall Arms and Fragmentation Testing of Ballistic-resistant ItemsF1731 Practice for Body Measurements and Si
19、zing of Fireand Rescue Services Uniforms and Other Thermal HazardProtective Clothing2.2 Government Standards:18 U.S.C. 175 Prohibitions with Respect to BiologicalWeapons4CPL 02-02-071 Technical Enforcement and AssistanceGuidelines for Hazardous Waste Site and RCRA Correc-tive Action Clean-up Operati
20、ons5DOD 4145.26 M Department of Defense: DOD ContractorsSafety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives6FEMA US the ALARA principle is satisfied when the expen-diture of further resources would be unwarranted by thereduction in exposure that would be achieved.E2601 from NCRP Report No. 165alarm, nsound,
21、 light, vibration, and/or data communicationsignal to the operator(s) indicating that the handheld pointchemical vapor detector (HPCVD) has detected the presenceof a chemical vapor of interest at or above the alarmthreshold value. E2885alarm, nvisual or audible response, or both, from an ETDthat sig
22、nifies the detection of an explosive. E2520alarm rule, nuser-selectable explosive trace detector (ETD)response requirements that, if met during an analysis, resultin a detection alarm for a particular compound. E2601DISCUSSIONAn alarm rule is a logistical pattern in the detectionresponse matrix for
23、an analysis. The simplest alarm rule would requireonly a single positive detection response, whereas a more selective rule(useful for minimizing alpha risk) may require two positive responsesin any of three channels and perhaps a negative response in anotherchannel.alarm threshold, nsee detection th
24、reshold. E2677alarm threshold value, nvapor concentration correspondingto an AEGL value (AEGL-1, AEGL-2, or AEGL-3) thatactivates an HPCVD alarm. E2885alias, na false low-frequency component that appears whenreconstructing analog data that are sampled at an insufficientrate. E2639all-hazards, adjhaz
25、ard is an inherent property of an event,product, or object that represents a threat to human life,property, or the environment. In this context, all-hazardsrefers to any incident or event that could pose such a threat.E2413DISCUSSIONThese may include special equipment and processesthat are used less
26、 frequently on a daily basis and require routine trainingto be most effective during a major incident.alpha, , risk, nprobability of obtaining a positive detectionoutcome, or alarm, when analyzing a process blank in aproperly-operating ETD. E2677ambient background, nparticular mixture of environment
27、alsubstances (dust, dirt, etc.) that is collected during swabsampling. E2520DISCUSSIONThe chemical background collected on swabs is ex-pected to be highly variable, compositionally and temporally, com-prised of a nearly unlimited number of possible chemical species andformulations. Background challe
28、nge materials (BCMs) should mimicimportant types of chemical background found in ETD deploymentareas.ammunition, none or more loaded cartridges consisting ofcase, primer, propellant, and one or more projectiles.E3005analyte, nthe particular chemical compound underconsideration. E2677DISCUSSIONPure a
29、nalyte is used to make reference solutions byquantitative dissolution into a known amount of solvent. Quantitativedepositions of reference solutions are subsequently used to preparereference swabs containing known amounts of analyte.analytical column, nthe particles of the solid stationaryphase fill
30、 the whole inside volume of a tube (column) that themobile phase passes through using the pressure generated bythe liquid chromatography system. E2866angle of incidence, nthe angle between the test threat line ofaim and the line normal to a reference plane based on thefront surface of the backing as
31、sembly. (Adapted from NIJ0101.06). See also obliquity. E3005DISCUSSIONSome standards have used the terms angle of incidenceand obliquity as synonyms, but in this standard, they are defineddifferently.apex, nthe greatest protrusion of the breast as seen from theside. E3003 from Terminology D5219appli
32、cant, nan individual applying for a credential. E2842approved, adjacceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.E2952areal density, na measure of the mass of the armor panel perunit area, usually expressed in kilograms per square meter(kg/m2) or pound-mass per square foot (lbm/ft2). E3005armhole,
33、nin garment construction, the area of a garmentthrough which the arm passes or into which a sleeve is fitted.E3003 from Practice F1731E2771 1123armor carrier, nSee carrier. E3005armor panel, na component of soft body armor consisting ofprotective materials, typically enclosed in a panel cover. Seeba
34、llistic panel, blunt impact panel, stab panel. See alsopanel cover. E3005aseptic technique, noperation or performance of a proce-dure or method under carefully controlled conditions toreduce the risk of exposure and prevent the introduction ofunwanted material/matter (contamination) into a sample.E2
35、770E2458aspect ratio, nratio of width to height of an image producedby a camera system. E2521asset, nproperty of a community to which (for purposes ofthis standard) a high monetary, ecological, or socio-cultural,or a combination thereof, value can be assigned, but whichhas no essential service or cr
36、itical infrastructure functionwithin the community. (There would be no need for thisconsensus-based restoration process in cases where com-plete restoration of critical infrastructure is obligatory.)E2541DISCUSSIONSome examples of assets include statues andmonuments, historical landmarks, forests an
37、d nature preserves,watersheds, parks and recreational areas, cultural and archaeologicalsites, sports and entertainment pavilions, tourist attractions, govern-ment facilities, roads, streets, bridges, utilities, dams, and infrastruc-ture.attribute, na qualification, certification, authorization, orp
38、rivilege of the credential holder. E2842authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), nthe organization,office, or individual responsible for enforcing the require-ments of a code or standard, or approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure.E2770 from NFPAE2732 from NFPA 1600E2951 from NFPA
39、 1600E2842 from NFPA 1600authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), nthe organization,office, or individual responsible for approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure.E2668 from NFPA 1561E2915 from NFPA 1561E2601 from NFPA 472E2952back break-point, nthe location on the back of the tors
40、owhere the arm separates from the body.E3003 from Terminology D5219back width, nthe horizontal distance straight across the backof the torso at the level of the back break-points; for thepurposes of this practice, the back width measurement isdefined to be the same value as the chest widthmeasuremen
41、t. E3003backface deformation (BFD), nthe indentation in the back-ing material caused by a projectile impact on the test itemduring testing. Synonymous with backface signature.E3005DISCUSSIONDetails necessary for making BFD measurements arespecified in individual test methods.backface signature, nSee
42、 backface deformation. E3005background challenge material, BCM, na standard naturalmatrix material applied on a test swab to challenge thedetection performance of an ETD. E2520DISCUSSIONA BCM should be a well-documented material thatclosely mimics the ambient background typically collected during sw
43、absampling. Many certified reference materials, derived from a variety ofnatural matrices and processed to offer stable and reproduciblecharacteristics, are internationally available from standards suppliers.The BCMs recommended here are Standard Reference Materials(SRMs). While these represent a li
44、mited number of natural matrices,they are compositionally complex and offer fair detection challenges toETDs.background chemical vapors, nincidental chemical vaporspresent in the environment at vapor concentrations lowerthan the 30-minute AEGL-1 values. E2885backing assembly, na backing fixture fill
45、ed with backingmaterial. For example, a clay block is a type of a backingassembly. E3004E3005backing fixture, nany apparatus designed to hold or containthe backing material(s) for a specific test. E3004backing fixture, nany apparatus designed to hold the back-ing material(s) for a specific test. E30
46、05backing material, nthe substance placed behind the testitem during testing which is intended to be a witness materialand which may provide a measurable indication of test itemperformance. E3004backing material, nthe substance placed behind the testitem during testing. E3005DISCUSSIONThe backing ma
47、terial typically provides support for thetest item, and it may act as a witness material and may provide ameasurable indication of the test item performance.ballistic panel, na type of armor panel intended to provideballistic resistance. E3005ballistic resistance, na characteristic of protective equ
48、ip-ment or materials describing their ability to provide protec-tion from projectiles. E3005bare charge, nexplosive charge that is either not encased oris encased by a material, such as a cardboard tube, that willnot produce primary fragments. E2740base home, nthe main or primary place of residence
49、for theresponders household and family. E2732basic plane, nplane through the centers of the external earopenings and the lower edges of the eye sockets. E2952basic societal functions, nthose basic functions within acommunity that provide services for public health, healthcare, water/sanitation, shelter/clothing, food, energy supply,E2771 1124public works, environment, logistics/transportation, security,communications, economy, and education. E2413beta, , risk, nprobability of obtaining a negative detectionoutcome, or no
