1、Designation: E2780 10 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from WoodHeaters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions fromwo
3、od fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace insertsas well as determining heat output and efficiency.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety con
4、cerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with
5、 internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
6、2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/UL-103 Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Resi-dential Type and Building Heating Appliance3CSA B415.1 Performance Testing of Solid-F
7、uel-BurningHeating Appliances4EPAMethod 28 Certification andAuditing of Wood Heaters53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn rate, nthe rate at which test fuel is consumed ina wood heater
8、. Measured in kilograms (lb) (dry basis) per hour.3.2.2 combustion air control, nan air control device thatregulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intendedpromote pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.3 Douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp:
9、 D. Fir or DouglasFir.3.2.4 firebox, nthe chamber in the wood heater in whichthe test fuel charge is placed and combusted.3.2.5 fuel piece, n24or44wood pieces used toconstruct test fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual
10、dimensions are 38 89 mm (112 312 in.) and 8989mm(312 312 in.).3.2.6 fuel piece length, nthe length of fuel pieces used toconstruct the test fuel crib measured in mm (in.).3.2.7 firebox height, nunless otherwise specified in themanufacturers written instructions included with the heater,firebox heigh
11、t is the vertical distance extending above theloading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, butnot more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of theloading door, to the floor of the firebox (i.e., below a permanentgrate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood topass thro
12、ugh the grate, or, if not, to the top of the grate. Fireboxheight is not necessarily uniform but must account for varia-tions caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other perma-nent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark within the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
13、ittee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E278010. DOI:10.1520/E2780-10R17.2For r
14、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd.,N
15、orthbrook, IL 60062, http:/.4Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http:/www.csagroup.org.5Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460
16、,http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theD
17、evelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1firebox that will provide a clear indication to the heater user ofthe maximum height that fuel should be loaded, and isspecifically referenced in the
18、manufacturers writteninstructions, may be used to determine firebox height for thepurposes of calculating usable firebox volume.3.2.8 firebox length, nthe longest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteni
19、nstructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.3.2.9 firebox width, nthe shortest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteninstructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.3.2.10 kindling, nwo
20、od pieces used to initiate combustionof the pre-burn fuel. Kindling may be ignited using crumplednewspaper.3.2.11 manufacturers written instructions, nspecific in-formation regarding the fueling and operation proceduresrecommended by the heater manufacturer and included withthe heater. These instruc
21、tions must be consistent with informa-tion provided to the heater end-user in the owners manual orequivalent.3.2.12 owners manual, nwritten information provided tothe heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-mended fueling and operating procedures that will help theheater user to achieve
22、 the best heater performance. It is alsoreferred as the installation and operation guide or otherequivalent title.3.2.13 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.
23、14 pre-burn fuel, nwood pieces used to pre-heat thewood heater and establish a charcoal bed prior to the test run.3.2.15 secondary combustion air control, nan air controldevice that regulates air to the wood heater that is primarilyintended to provide the additional oxygen needed to promotesecondary
24、 combustion of the combustible materials releasedduring pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.16 test facility, nthe area in which the wood heater isinstalled, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.17 test fuel crib, nthe arrangement of the test fuelpieces and test fuel spacers.3.2.18 test fuel density,
25、nthe dry basis density of the testfuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib.3.2.19 test fuel loading density, nthe weight of the as-firedtest fuel crib per unit volume of usable firebox.3.2.20 test fuel pieces, nthe individual fuel pieces (nomi-nal24and44dimensional lumber) that comprise the test
26、fuel crib.3.2.21 test fuel spacers, nwood pieces used to space fuelpieces apart in the test fuel crib. Their function is to providereproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces between fuelpieces.3.2.22 test run, nan individual emission test which en-compasses the time required to consume the mass
27、of the testfuel crib.3.2.23 test series, na group of test runs on the same woodheater.3.2.24 usable firebox volume, nthe volume of the fireboxdetermined using its height, length, and width as defined in thissection.3.2.25 wood heater, nan enclosed, wood burning appli-ance capable of and intended for
28、 space heating and/or domesticwater heating.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueledwith kindling, pre-burn fuel and a test fuel load. Each test runis a hot-to-hot cycle. Individual test runs are conducted
29、at burnrates ranging from low to maximum burn rates. The fuel loadconfiguration is determined based on the usable firebox volumeof the heater plus the firebox dimensions and geometry.Kindling and crumpled newspaper are used to ignite a pre-burnfuel load(s) that is burned to heat the wood heater to n
30、ormaloperating temperature and to establish a charcoal bed. The testfuel load is placed on the charcoal bed and given time to ignitebefore the air control(s) is (are) set to the test run condition.When the full weight of the test fuel load has been burned, thetest run is terminated. Burn rate is det
31、ermined based on theweight of the test fuel load divided by the length of test run andcorrected to a dry fuel basis. Particulate sampling begins beforethe test fuel load is added and stops when the test runterminates. The total particulate emissions are determined overthe test run length. The partic
32、ulate emissions rate is thendetermined from the total particulate emissions divided by thelength of the test run and is reported in grams of particulate perhour. The particulate emission factor may also be determinedfrom the total particulate emissions divided by the dry basisweight of the test fuel
33、 load and is reported in grams ofparticulate per dry kilogram of fuel. This test method may alsobe used in conjunction with CSA B415.1 for determining heatoutput and efficiency. If heat output is determined, particulateemissions per unit of heat delivered may also be calculated andis reported in gra
34、ms of particulate per megajoule.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emission ratesand emission factors for wood heaters.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air q
35、ualityregulatory community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts on air qualityfrom wood heaters.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour,grams of particulate
36、 per kilogram of dry fuel and grams ofparticulate per megajoule of heat output.E2780 10 (2017)25.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.5.3 Th
37、e fuel load specified in this test method is a lumbercrib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPAMethod 28. Cribs were specified in EPA Method 28 to providea reproducible and repeatable test method. In normal operationthe majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood withirregular
38、 shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists toindicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standardyield results that are predictive of performance using cordwoodfuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 whichprovides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided sothat
39、those interested in measuring emissions performance withcordwood will have a consistent method to follow.Acompara-tive database using the two fueling procedures will providedata to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlateto test results using cordwood fuel.6. Safety6.1 DisclaimerThis
40、 test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of
41、 regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrated electrical resistancemeter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.7.2 Test Fuel ScaleAscale ca
42、pable of weighing test fuel towithin 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibration require-ments specified in 8.3.7.3 Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testwood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of thetest fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibrationrequire
43、ments specified in 8.2.7.4 Wood heater Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 2.2 C (4.0 F) or 0.75 % ofthe reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibratio
44、nrequirements specified in 8.4.7.5 Wood Heater Surface Temperature MeasuringDeviceA temperature sensor capable of measuring surfacetemperatures with an accuracy of 2.2 C (4.0 F) or 0.75 % ofthe reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibrationrequirements specified in 8.4.7.6 Catalytic Combustor
45、Exit Temperature MeasuringDeviceA temperature sensor capable of measuring the tem-perature of the gases exiting the catalytic combustor in acatalyst equipped heater with an accuracy of 2.2 C (4.0 F) or0.75 % of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meetcalibration requirements specified in 8.4.7.7
46、 Insulated Solid Pack ChimneyChimney used for in-stallation of wood heater in the test facility. Solid packinsulated chimneys shall have a minimum of 2.5 cm (1 in.)solid pack insulating material surrounding the entire flue andpossess a label demonstrating conformance to ANSI/UL-103,Standard for Chim
47、neys, Factory-Built, Residential Type andBuilding Heating Appliance.8. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning t
48、he operational range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place byweighing at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) thatcorresponds t
49、o between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuelcharge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of thecalibration weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of theexpected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weightsspanning the operational range of the scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers
