1、Designation: E2840 11Standard Practice forPavement Condition Index Surveys for InterlockingConcrete Roads and Parking Lots1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2840; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is used to assess the condition of roads andparking lots surfaced with interlocking concrete
3、pavementthrough visual surveys using the Pavement Condition Index(PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition.1.2 The PCI for roads and parking lots was developed by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1, 2). It is further verified andadopted by DOD andAPWA. This standard is an adaptation ofthe PCI m
4、ethod for interlocking concrete pavements.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two
5、systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions
6、of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 additional sample, na sample unit inspected inaddition to the random sample units to include non represen-tative sample units in the determination of pavement conditionindex. This includes very poor or excellent samples that are nottypical of the section and
7、sample units. If a sample unitcontaining an unusual distress is chosen at random, it should becounted as an additional sample and another random sampleunit should be chosen. If all sample units are inspected, thenthere are no additional samples.2.1.2 interlocking concrete pavement, ndiscrete, hand-s
8、ized paving units with rectangular or dentated shapes manu-factured from concrete and conforming toASTM C 936. Eithertype of unit shape is placed in an interlocking pattern withvarious jointing and bedding materials over an unbound orbound base layer.2.1.3 pavement branch, na branch is an identifiab
9、le partof the pavement network that is a single entity and has adistinct function. For example, each roadway or parking area isa separate branch of a pavement network.2.1.4 pavement condition index (PCI), na numerical rat-ing of the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100 with0 being the worst
10、possible condition and 100 being the bestpossible condition.2.1.5 pavement condition rating, na verbal description ofpavement condition as a function of the PCI value that variesfrom “failed” to “excellent” as shown in Fig. 1.2.1.6 pavement distress, nexternal indicators of pavementdeterioration cau
11、sed by loading, environmental factors, con-struction deficiencies, or a combination thereof. Typical dis-tresses include depressions, damaged pavers, horizontal creepand faulting. Distress types and severity levels detailed inAppendix X1 must be used to obtain an accurate PCI value.2.1.7 pavement sa
12、mple unit, na sample unit is a subdivi-sion of the pavement section. Each pavement section is dividedinto sample units for the purpose of pavement inspection. Thesample units for inspection shall be 2500 ft26 1000 ft2(225m26 90 m2).2.1.8 pavement section, na contiguous pavement areahaving uniform co
13、nstruction, maintenance, usage history, andcondition. A section should have the same traffic volume andload intensity.2.1.9 random sample, na sample unit of the pavementsection selected for inspection by random sampling techniques.3. Summary of Practice3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that
14、are thendivided into sections. Each section is divided into sample units.The type and severity of pavement distress is assessed byvisual inspection of the pavement sample units. The quantity ofdistress is measured as described in Appendix X1 and Appen-dix X2. The distress data is used to calculate t
15、he PCI for each1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. DOI:10.1520/E2840111Copyright ASTM
16、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sample unit. The PCI of a pavement section is determinedbased on the PCI of the inspected sample units within thesection.4. Significance and Use4.1 The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surfa
17、cecondition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of thepresent condition of the pavement based on the distressobserved on the surface of the pavement, which also indicatesthe structural integrity and surface operational condition (lo-calized roughness and safety). The PCI does not measurestru
18、ctural capacity nor does it provide direct measurement ofskid resistance or roughness. It provides an objective andrational basis for determining maintenance and repair needsand priorities. Regular monitoring of the PCI is used toestablish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permitsearly ident
19、ification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCI canalso provide feedback on pavement performance for validationor improvement of current pavement design and maintenanceprocedures.4.2 The PCI procedure for interlocking concrete pavementswas developed by surveying many sample units. Additionalverific
20、ation of the accuracy and repeatability of the PCIprocedure for interlocking concrete pavements remains to beperformed.5. Apparatus5.1 Data Sheets, or other field recording instruments thatrecord the date, location, branch, section, sample unit size,distress types, severity levels, quantities, and n
21、ames of survey-ors. Example data sheets are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 0.1 ft(30 mm).5.3 Straightedge or String Line,10ft(3m).5.4 Scale, 12 in. (300 mm) that reads to 1/16 in. (1 mm).Anadditional 12 in. (300 mm) ruler or straightedge is needed tomea
22、sure faulting.5.5 Layout Plan, for network to be inspected.6. Hazards6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors may walk on thepavement to perform the condition survey.7. Sampling and Sample Units7.1 Identify branches of the pavement with different usessuch as roadways and parking on the network layout p
23、lan.7.2 Divide each branch into sections based on the pavementtype, construction history, traffic, and condition.7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units.7.4 Individual sample units to be inspected should bemarked or identified in a manner to allow inspectors andquality control personnel t
24、o easily locate them on the pavementsurface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with locationsconnected to physical pavement features are acceptable. It isnecessary to be able to accurately relocate the sample units toallow verification of current distress data, to examine changesin condition w
25、ith time of a particular sample unit, and to enablefuture inspections of the same sample unit if desired.7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number ofsample units to be inspected may vary from the following: allof the sample units in the section, a number of sample units thatprovides a
26、95 % confidence level, or a lesser number.7.5.1 All sample units in the section may be inspected todetermine the average PCI of the section. This is usuallyprecluded for routine management purposes by availablemanpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, however, isdesirable for project analysis to he
27、lp estimate maintenance andrepair quantities.7.5.2 The minimum number of sample units (n) that must besurveyed within a given section to obtain a statisticallyadequate estimate (95% confidence) of the PCI of the sectionis calculated using the following formula and rounding n to thenext highest whole
28、 number (see Eq 1).n 5 Ns2/e2/4!N 1! 1 s2! (1)FIG. 1 Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Rating Scale, andSuggested ColorsE2840 112FIG. 2 Blank Interlocking Concrete Pavement Condition Index SheetE2840 113where:e = acceptable error in estimating the section PCI; com-monly, e = 65 PCI points;s = standard
29、 deviation of the PCI from one sample unit toanother within the section. When performing the initialinspection the standard deviation is assumed to be 10for interlocking concrete pavements. This assumptionshould be checked as described below after PCI valuesare determined. For subsequent inspections
30、, the stan-dard deviation from the preceding inspection should beused to determine n; and,N = total number of sample units in the section.7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95% confidence level is critical, theadequacy of the number of sample units surveyed must beconfirmed.The number of sample units was esti
31、mated based onan assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standarddeviation (s) as follows (see Eq 2):s 5 (i 5 1nPCIi PCIs!2/ n21!12 (2)where:PCIi= PCI of surveyed sample units i,PCIs= PCI of section (mean PCI of surveyed sampleunits), andFIG. 3 Completed Interlocking Concrete Pavement Condi
32、tion Index SheetE2840 114n = total number of sample units surveyed.7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of sampleunits (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standarddeviation (Eq 2). If the revised number of sample units to besurveyed is greater than the number of sample units alreadysu
33、rveyed, select and survey more random sample units. Thesesample units should be spaced evenly across the section.Repeat the process of checking the revised number of sampleunits and surveying more random sample units until the totalnumber of sample units surveyed equals or exceeds theminimum require
34、d sample units (n) in Eq 1, using the actualtotal sample standard deviation.7.5.3 Once the number of sample units to be inspected hasbeen determined, compute the spacing interval of the unitsusing systematic random sampling. Samples are spaced equallythroughout the section with the first sample sele
35、cted at random.The spacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculatedby the following formula rounded to the next lowest wholenumber:I 5 N/n (3)where:N = total number of sample units in the section, andn = number of sample units to be inspected.The first sample unit to be inspected is sel
36、ected at randomfrom sample units 1 through I. The sample units within asection that are successive increments of the interval i after thefirst randomly selected unit also are inspected.7.6 A reduced sampling rate than the above mentioned 95%confidence level can be used based on the condition surveyo
37、bjective. The following table provides an example used bysome agencies for selecting the number of sample units to beinspected for other than project analysis:Given Survey1 to 5 sample units 1 sample unit6 to 10 sample units 2 sample units11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units16 to 40 sample units 4 s
38、ample unitsover 40 sample units 10%7.7 Additional sample units only are to be inspected whennon-representative distresses are observed. The location ofthese sample units is determined during the survey by theinspector.8. Inspection Procedure8.1 The definitions and guidelines for quantifying distress
39、esfor PCI determination are given in Appendix X1. Using thistest method, inspectors should identify distress types accu-rately 95% of the time. Linear measurements should beconsidered accurate when they are within 10% if remeasured,and area measurements should be considered accurate whenthey are wit
40、hin 20% if remeasured. Distress severities that onedetermines based on ride quality are considered subjective.8.2 Individually inspect each sample unit chosen. Sketch thesample unit, including orientation. Record the branch andsection number and the number and type of the sample unit(random or addit
41、ional). Record the sample unit size measuredwith the hand odometer. Conduct the distress inspection bywalking over the sample unit being surveyed, measuring thequantity of each severity level of every distress type present,and recording the data. Each distress must correspond in typeand severity to
42、that described in Appendix X1. The method ofmeasurement is included with each distress description. Thisprocedure should be repeated for each sample unit to beinspected. An example of a blank Interlocking ConcretePavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit isincluded in Fig. 1 and a complet
43、ed data sheet is shown in Fig.2.9. Calculation of PCI9.1 Add up the total quantity of each distress type at eachseverity level, and record them in the “Total Severities”section. The units for the quantities may be either in square feet(square meters), linear feet (meters), or number of occurrences,d
44、epending on the distress type.9.2 Divide the total quantity of each distress type at eachseverity level by the total area of the sample unit and multiplyby 100 to obtain the percent density of each distress type andseverity.9.3 Determine the deduct value (DV) for each distress typeand severity level
45、 combination from the distress deduct valuecurves in Appendix X3.9.4 Determine the maximum corrected deduct value (CDV).The following procedure must be used to determine themaximum CDV.9.4.1 If none or only one individual deduct value is greaterthan two, the total value is used in place of the maxim
46、um CDVin determining the PCI; otherwise, maximum CDV must bedetermined as follows.9.4.2 List the individual deduct values in descending order.Determine the allowable number of deducts, m, using thefollowing formula (see Eq 4):m 5 119/98!100HDV! #10 (4)where:m = allowable number of deducts including
47、fractions(must be # 10),HDV = highest individual deduct value.9.4.3 The number of individual deduct values is reduced tothe m largest deduct values, including the fractional part. If lessthan m deduct values are available, all of the deduct values areused.9.4.4 Determine maximum CDV iteratively.9.4.
48、4.1 Determine total deduct value by summing individualdeduct values. The total deduct value is obtained by adding theindividual deduct values.9.4.4.2 Determine q as the number of deducts with a valuegreater than 2.0.9.4.4.3 Determine the CDV from total deduct value and qby looking up the appropriate
49、 correction curve (Appendix X3).9.4.4.4 Reduce the smallest individual deduct value greaterthan 2.0 to 2.0 and repeat until q = 1. The maximum CDV isthe largest of the CDVs.9.5 Calculate PCI by subtracting the maximum CDV from100: PCI = 100 - max CDV.E2840 11510. Determination of Section PCI10.1 If every sample unit is surveyed then the PCI of thesection is the average of the PCIs of the sample units. Ifadditional sample units are surveyed then a weighted averageis used as follows:PCIS5 N A!PCIR!/N 1 APCIA!/N (5)where:PCIS= weighted PCI of the section,N
