1、Designation: E643 09E643 15Standard Test Method forBall Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E643; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe ball punch deformation test is used for evaluating the ductility of metallic sheet materials. Thetest involves biaxial stretch
3、ing of a constrained test specimen. Ideally, no draw-in of flange metal fromunder the hold-down occurs. The sheet metal test specimen is bulged at a specified rate until theloadforce drops or until either necking or fracture occurs; the test is then terminated. Ball punch(penetrator) movement to dro
4、p in-load drop-in-force or necking or fracture is the test result. It isknown that test results may vary with hold-down force, lubrication, and criterion for determining theend point of the test.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for conducting the ball punch deformation test for meta
5、llic sheet materials intendedfor forming applications. The test applies to specimens with thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.20 and 2.00 mm).1.1 The values stated in inchpound units are to be regarded as the standard. This test method covers the procedure forconducting the ball punch deforma
6、tion test for metallic sheet materials intended for forming applications. The test applies tospecimens with thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.2 and 2.0 mm).NOTE 1The ball punch deformation test is intended to replace the Olsen cup test by standardizing many of the test parameters that previ
7、ously havebeen left to the discretion of the testing laboratory.NOTE 2The modified Erichsen test has been standardized in Europe. The main differences between the ball punch deformation test and the Erichsentest are the diameters of the penetrator and the dies. Erichsen cup heights are given in SI u
8、nits.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if a
9、ny, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bia
10、s in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology Document:3NIST Handbook 91 Experimental Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cup heigh
11、t, the height of the formed cup at the end point of the test.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.02 on Ductility andFormability.Current edition approved June 1, 2009May 1, 2015. Published June 2
12、009June 2015. Originally published in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20002009 as E643-84(2000) which was withdrawn March 2009 and reinstated in June 2009. DOI: 10.1520/E0643-09.09. DOI: 10.1520/E0643-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Cust
13、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.Th
14、is document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editi
15、ons as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 The ball punch deformat
16、ion test is widely used to evaluate and compare the formability of metallic sheet materials. Biaxialstretching is the predominant mode of deformation occurring during the test and, therefore, the results are most often used to rateor compare materials that are to be formed mainly by stretching. Howe
17、ver, precise correlations between the cup height asdetermined by this test and the formability of a sheet material under production conditions have not been established.4.2 It is recognized that the cup heights for specimens from the same sample may vary with differences in magnitude ofhold-down for
18、ce, lubrication, and method of end point determination. The procedures described in Sections 5, 7.1, and 7.3 willminimize these variations.5. Apparatus5.1 Cupping Machines (Fig. 1) Any machine used for ball punch deformation tests shall be equipped to hold the specimenwith a minimum force of 2200 lb
19、f (9800 N). It shall have a spherical-ended penetrator capable of forcing the central portion ofthe specimen through the die until the end point of the test occurs (see 7.3).5.1.1 Variation in hold-down force is a source of variation in cup height. For machines not equipped to measure the hold-downf
20、orce, the magnitude of the force should be established.5.1.2 The magnitude of the hold-down force shall be such that no appreciable draw-in occurs.5.1.3 The machine shall be provided with a displacement indicator to measure cup height.5.2 Displacement IndicatorThe displacement indicator shall monito
21、r the ball penetrator movement and the scale shall begraduated such that displacement can be measured to within at least 6 0.0025 in. (when using indicators reading in SI units, thedisplacement shall be measured to within at least 6 0.05 mm).5.3 Tooling:327121134691410118605Key Dimensionsin. mm(1) T
22、hickness of test piece full thickness full thickness(2) Width of test piece (minimum) 3.5 89(3) Bore Diameter of top die See 6.3. See 6.3.(4) Bore Diameter of bottom die 1 0.004 25.4 0.1(5) External diameter of top die (approximate) 3.5 89(6) External diameter of bottom die (approximate) 3.5 89(7) C
23、orner radius of interior top die 0.032 0.002 0.81 0.05(8) Corner radius of exterior top die 0.032 0.81(9) Depth of bore of top die 0.032 0.81(10) Depth of bore of top die 0.197 0.010 5.00 0.025(11) Thickness of top die (minimum) 0.78 20(12) Thickness of bottom die (minimum) 0.78 20(13) Diameter of s
24、pherical end of penetratorA 0.875 0.002 22.2 0.05(14) Cup Height Cup Height Cup HeightA “Olsen Ball, 22.22 mm (78 in.); “Erichsen” Ball, 20mm.FIG. 1 Ball Punch Deformation Test ToolingE643 1525.3.1 The penetrator shall be sufficiently rigid so as not to be deformed or to turn or move laterally durin
25、g the test. Its head shallbe spherical and have a diameter of 0.875 6 0.002 in. (22.226 (22.2 6 0.05 mm), and only this spherical portion of the penetratorshall contact the specimen. The penetrator shall move along the axial centerline of the top and bottom dies. It shall be clean andfree from oxide
26、 build-up, corrosion, dirt, etc.5.3.2 The surface of the top die in contact with the test specimen shall be plane and parallel to the surface of the bottom die.Both surfaces shall be clean and free from oxide build-up, corrosion, dirt, etc.5.3.3 The surface finish of the penetrator and top die in co
27、ntact with the specimen shall not exceed 160 in. (0.004 mm) whenbased on maximum distance peak-to-peak.5.3.4 The spherical portion of the penetrator shall have a hardness not less than 62 HRC. The working surfaces of the top andbottom dies shall have a hardness of 56 HRC or higher.6. Test Specimens6
28、.1 Number of TestsA minimum of three tests shall be performed. When greater precision is required, see Section 9 fordetermining the number of tests to be performed.6.2 Specimen SizeSpecimen blanks may be either circular or rectangular. The minimum width (or diameter) shall be 3.5 in.(90(89 mm). When
29、 evaluating rectangular strip, the cups shall not be closer than 3.0 in. (75(76 mm) from center to center, andthe center of any cup shall not be within 1.5 in. (38 mm) of the end of the strip.NOTE 3The minimum specimen width may be 2.5 in. (65 mm) for machines unable to accommodate larger width spec
30、imens.6.2.1 The minimum specimen width may be 2.5 in. (64 mm) for machines unable to accommodate larger width specimens.6.3 Specimen ThicknessThis method applies to thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.20(0.2 and 2.0 mm). Theappropriate top dies are shown below. When thicknesses less than 0.02
31、0 in. are tested, it is recommended that the top die haveself-leveling capability. When thicknesses greater than 0.080 in. are tested, agreement regarding the hold-down pressure necessaryto prevent draw-in and the appropriate bore diameter of the top die opening shall be made between the supplier an
32、d the user.Specimen Thickness,in. (mm)Top Die Opening,in. (mm)Specimen Thickness,in. (mm)Bore Diameter ofTop Diein. (mm)0.060 (1.5) or less 1.000 (25.40)over 0.060 to 0.080 (1.5 to 2.0) 1.125 (28.58)7. Procedure7.1 Lubrication:7.1.1 The cup height is strongly affected by the choice of lubricant or w
33、hether lubrication is employed at all. Studies have shownthat variation in lubrication influences the strain distribution and the state of strain in the material being stretched over the punch.The cup height obtained under well-lubricated well lubricated conditions will be significantly greater than
34、 that obtained underpoorly lubricated conditions.7.1.1.1 Use a commercially available petroleum jelly as the lubricant.7.1.1.2 Do not mechanically or chemically alter the specimen surface, which shall be representative of the material as supplied.7.1.2 Lubricate only the punch. A thin coat of lubric
35、ant is sufficient. In order to decrease the possibility of any relativemovement (that is, “draw-in”) of the specimen with respect to the die surfaces, do not lubricate the dies or test specimen.7.1.3 Other systems of lubrication and specimen preparation may be used as agreed upon between the supplie
36、r and the user.7.2 Test Speed:7.2.1 The speed of the penetrator shall be between 0.2 and 1.0 in./min (0.08 and 0.400.42 mm/s).7.2.2 Near the end of the test, the speed may be reduced to the lower limit in order to more accurately determine the end point.7.3 End Point of Test:7.3.1 The preferred meth
37、od for determining the end point shall be by the drop-in loadforce on the specimen. In general, thisindicates the onset of necking in the dome.7.3.1.1 Some test machines may not be equipped with a loadforce indicator. In this case, the end point shall be either visiblenecking or fracture of the test
38、 specimen in the dome.7.3.1.2 Do not consider the test results valid for normal reporting when fracture occurs in the hold-down area (base failures).7.3.1.3 If the drop-in-loaddrop-in-force method is used and the machine has a pressure switch unit, set the switch at minimumtime delay.7.3.1.4 Report
39、the method used to determine the end point with the test results.7.3.2 Ball Punch Deformation Cup Height:7.3.2.1 The cup height is the penetrator displacement as measured by the indicator in thousandths of an inch (or hundredths ofa millimetre) at the end point of the test.E643 1537.3.2.2 Set the pe
40、netrator displacement indicator to read zero at the start of test. The start of test is when the penetrator, undertest conditions, makes contact with the specimen.NOTE 3The test results may be affected by specimen thinning if the tests are performed on a machine that uses an indicator in contact wit
41、h the testpiece.8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following:8.1.1 Identification of the material.8.1.2 Thickness of the material.8.1.3 Method of end point determination.8.1.4 Number of tests.8.1.5 Type of lubricant, if other than specified.8.1.6 Average value and range (or standard deviation
42、) of cup heights.8.1.7 Average of maximum loadsforces (if known).8.1.8 Method of hold-downconstant or proportional.8.1.9 Hold-down force (if known).9. Precision and Bias9.1 The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of E643, Standard Test Method for Measurement ofBall Pun
43、ch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material, conducted in 2008. Each of six laboratories tested five different materials.Every “test result” represents an individual determination. Each laboratory reported three replicate test results for the analyses.Practice E691 was followed for the design and anal
44、ysis of the data; the details are given inASTM Research Report No. E28-1041.49.1.1 Repeatability limit (r)Two test results obtained within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ bymore than the “r” value for that material; “ r” is the interval representing the critical differen
45、ce between two test results for thesame material, obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.9.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.9.1.2 Reproducibility limit (R)Two test results shall be judged not equivalent if t
46、hey differ by more than the “ R” value forthat material; “R” is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained bydifferent operators using different equipment in different laboratories.9.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 1, T
47、able 2, and Table 3.9.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproducibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.9.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 would have an approximate 95% probability of being correct.9.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no
48、accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.9.3 The precision statement was determined through statistical examination of 270 results, from six laboratories, on fivematerials. The materials were described as the foll
49、owing:Material A: 0.021 in. Cold rolled steel (uncoated)Material B: 0.034 in. Hot-dip galvanized steelMaterial C: 0.036 in. Hot-dip galvannealed steelMaterial D: 0.038 in. Cold rolled steel (uncoated)Material E: 0.079 in. Hot-dip galvannealed steel4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E28-1041.TABLE 1 Day 1 (thousandths of an in.)Material AverageA Repeatability StandardDeviationReproducibility StandardDeviationRepeatability Limit Reproducibility Limitx Sr SR r RA
