1、Designation: E648 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1
3、. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure formeasuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source ina graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated
4、concretestructural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, orotherwise mounted in a typical and representative way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the criticalradiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating oneaspect of fire exposure behavior for floor-covering sys
5、tems.The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levelslikely to impinge on the floors of a building whose uppersurfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fullydeveloped fire in an adjacent room or compartment. Thestandard was developed to simulate an important fire exp
6、osurecomponent of fires that develop in corridors or exitways ofbuildings and is not intended for routine use in estimatingflame spread behavior of floor covering in building areas otherthan corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for informationon proper application and interpretation of experimenta
7、l resultsfrom use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in ta
8、bles and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-ri
9、skassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
10、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for
11、 a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible BarrierPackagingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E176 for additional defi-nitions.3.2 Defi
12、nitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a per-fect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and,therefore, a reflectivity of zero.3.2.2 corridor, nan enclosed space connecting a room orcompartment with an exit. The corridor includes normalexte
13、nsions, such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, wherepresent.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level of incident radiantheat energy on the floor covering system at the most distantflame-out point. It is reported as W/cm2.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireSta
14、ndards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E648 14c. DOI:10.1520/E0648-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
16、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the last vestige offlame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.3.2.5 floor covering, nan essentially planar material hav-ing a relat
17、ively small thickness in comparison to its length orwidth, which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort,and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single material, compositeor assembly comprised of the floor covering and relatedinstallation components (adhesive, cushion, etc
18、.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile, nthe curve relating incident radiant heatenergy on the specimen plane to distance from the point ofinitiation of flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8 time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber dooris closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the specimenhas be
19、en moved into the chamber (see 12.4).3.2.9 total flux meter, nthe instrument used to measure thelevel of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane atany point.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gasfueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 3
20、0 to and directedat (2) a horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen,Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy fluxdistribution ranging along the 100-cm length of the testspecimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2to aminimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open-flameigni
21、tion from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-outis converted to watts per square centimetre from the flux profilegraph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response standard is designed to provide abasis for estimating one aspect o
22、f the fire exposure behavior ofa floor-covering system installed in a building corridor. The testenvironment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is intended to be suitable for regulatory statutes,specification acceptan
23、ce, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The fundamental assumption inherent in the test is thatcritical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flamespread of floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system speci-mens that follo
24、w or simulate accepted installation practice.Tests on the individual elements of a floor system are of limitedvalue and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE648 1525.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subj
25、ected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test methodto predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristicsmeasured. Therefore, the results are val
26、id only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure.6. Flooring Radiant Panel Test ChamberConstructionand Instrumentation6.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber employed forthis test shall be located in a draft-protected laboratory.6.1.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamb
27、er, Fig. 3 andFig. 4, shall consist of an enclosure 1400 6 10 mm long by 5006 10 mm deep by 710 6 10 mm above the test specimen. Thesides, ends, and top shall be of 13-mm calcium silicate, 0.74g/cm3nominal density, insulating material with a thermalconductivity at 177C of 0.128 W/(mK). One side shal
28、l beprovided with an approximately 100 by 1100-mm draft-tightfire-resistant glass window so the entire length of the testspecimen will be observable from outside the fire test chamber.On the same side and below the observation window is a doorthat, when open, allows the specimen platform to be moved
29、 outfor mounting or removal of test specimens. When required forobservation, a draft-tight fire-resistant window shall be in-stalled at the low flux end of the chamber.6.1.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of asliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securingthe test speci
30、men holder in a fixed and level position. The free,or air access, area around the platform shall be in the rangefrom 2300 to 3225 cm2.6.1.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to bemeasured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall beinstalled on the back of the platform or on the back wa
31、ll of thechamber.6.1.4 When the extent of flame travel is to be measured aftera prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metalscale described in 6.1.3 shall be used.6.1.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stackwith interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm wide by 380 6 3mmdeep by 318
32、6 3 mm high at the opposite end of the chamberfrom the radiant energy source.6.2 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel ofporous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with aradiation surface of 305 by 457 mm. It shall be capable ofoperating at temperatures up to 816C. The panel fue
33、l systemshall consist of a venturi-type aspirator for mixing gas3and airat approximately atmospheric pressure, a clean, dry air supplycapable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h at 76 mm of water, andsuitable instrumentation for monitoring and controlling theflow of fuel to the panel.6.2.1 The radiant heat e
34、nergy panel is mounted in thechamber at a nominal angle of 30 6 5 to the horizontalspecimen plane. The radiant panel shall be adjusted to obtainthe flux profile within the limits specified in 10.6. Thehorizontal distance from the 0 mark on the specimen fixture tothe bottom edge (projected) of the ra
35、diating surface of the3Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating valueof approximately 83.1 MJ/m3, commercial grade methane having a minimum purityof 96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE648 153panel is 89 6 3 mm. The panel-to-specimen
36、vertical distance is140 6 3 mm (see Fig. 3).6.2.2 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermaloutput of the panel shall be suitable for viewing a circular area178 mm in diameter at a range of about 1.37 m. It shall becalibrated over the 490 to 510C operating blackbody tempera-ture range in
37、accordance with the procedure described inAnnex A1.6.2.3 A high impedance or potentiometric voltmeter with asuitable millivolt range shall be used to monitor the output ofthe radiation pyrometer described in 6.2.2.6.3 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructedfrom heat-resistant stainless
38、 steel (AISI Type 300 (UNA-NO8330) or equivalent) having a thickness of 1.98 mm and anoverall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm with a specimenopening of 200 6 3 mm by 1000 + 15 mm -0 mm. Six slotsshall be cut in the flange on either side of the holder to reducewarping. The holder shall be fastened to the
39、 platform with twostud bolts at each end.6.4 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, is anominal 6 mm inside diameter, 10 mm outside diameterstainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenly spaced 0.7 mmdiameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially along the centerline,and 16 evenly spaced 0.7
40、 mm diameter (#70 drill) holes drilledradially 60 below the centerline (see Fig. 6). In operation, thegas flow is adjusted to 0.085 to 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH)(air scale) flow rate. The pilot burner is positioned no morethan 5 from the horizontal so the flame generated will impingeon the specime
41、n at the 0 distance burned point (see Fig. 3 andFig. 4). When the burner is not being applied to the specimen,move it away from the ignition position so it is at least 50 mmaway from the specimen.FIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side ElevationE648 1546.4.1 With the gas flow properly ad
42、justed and the pilotburner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm at either end to approximately 127 mmat the center.6.4.2 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean.Asoftwire brush has been found suitable to remove the surfacecontaminants. Nickel-chromiu
43、m or stainless steel wire with anoutside diameter of 0.5 mm is suitable for opening the holes.6.5 A 3.2-mm stainless steel sheathed grounded junctionChromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in the flooringradiant panel test chamber (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The chamberthermocouple is located in t
44、he longitudinal central verticalplane of the chamber 25 mm down from the top and 102 mmback from inside the exhaust stack.6.5.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensureaccuracy of readout.6.5.2 An indicating potentiometer with a range from 100 to500C shall be used to determine the chamber temp
45、eratureprior to a test.6.6 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTPm3/min decoupled from the chamber stack by at least 76 mmon all sides and with an effective area of the canopy slightlylarger than plane area of the chamber with the specimenplatform in the out position is used to remove com
46、bustionproducts from the chamber.6.6.1 Before igniting the panel, but with the exhaust hoodoperating and the dummy specimen in place, the air flow ratethrough the stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min when measuredwith a hot wire anemometer about 30 s after insertion of theprobe into the center of the st
47、ack opening at a distance of 152mm down from the top of the stack opening.FIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE648 1556.6.2 The hot wire anemometer shall have an accuracy of60.1 m/s.6.7 The dummy specimen that is used in the flux profiledetermination shall be made o
48、f 19-mm inorganic 0.74 g/cm3nominal density calcium silicate board (see Fig. 5). It is 250mm wide by 1070 mm long with 27-mm diameter holescentered on and along the centerline at the 100, 200, 300, . ,900 mm locations, measured from the maximum flux end ofthe specimen. To provide proper and consiste
49、nt seating of theflux meter in the hole openings, a stainless or galvanized steelbearing plate shall be mounted and firmly secured to theunderside of the calcium silicate board with holes correspond-ing to those previously specified. The bearing plate shall runthe length of the dummy specimen and have a width of 76 mm.The thickness of the bearing plate shall be varied as necessaryto maintain the flux meter height specified in 10.5 up to 3.2 mmmaximum.6.7.1 The total heat flux transducer used to determine theflux profile of the chamber in conjunction with t
