1、Designation: E660 90 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forAccelerated Polishing of Aggregates or Pavement SurfacesUsing a Small-Wheel, Circular Track Polishing Machine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E660; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe Small-Wheel Circular Track Wear and Polishing Machine2is a
3、 device developed to rateaggregates and paving mixtures on their skid resistance after exposure to wearing and polishing. It isa small-diameter, circular track machine capable of accelerated wearing and polishing of pavementspecimens. Correlation and comparison can be accomplished through the use of
4、 control specimens thatare tested simultaneously with regular test specimens. Track capacity is twelve individual specimensper test run.The actual wearing and polishing for bituminous pavement specimens and exposed aggregatespecimens are provided by the action of four smooth pneumatic tires to elimi
5、nate, as much as possible,the variables associated with tire tread pattern effects. The wheels are adjusted for camber and fortoe-out to provide scrubbing action for polishing without the aid of water or grinding compounds.To provide accelerated wear sufficient to remove the top textured layer from
6、portland-cement-concrete pavement specimens and to expose the coarse aggregate, as often encountered on wornpavements, that have been in use for substantial periods of time, the wear and polish procedure canbe modified by use of steel wheels having studs mounted in the periphery. The procedure for c
7、oncretespecimens consists of a period of operation with four smooth pneumatic tires to polish the as-builtsurface, followed by a period of accelerated wear using the steel wheels to expose the coarseaggregate, followed by a final polishing cycle using the four rubber tires again to polish the expose
8、daggregate.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a laboratory procedure for esti-mating the extent to which aggregates or pavement surfaces arelikely to polish when subjected to traffic. Specimens to beevaluated for polishing resistance are placed in a circular trackand subjected to the wearing action
9、 of four small-diameter,pneumatic tires without use of abrasive or water. Terminalpolish is achieved after approximately8hofexposure.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the LaboratoryD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurom
10、eter Hard-nessE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE274 Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved SurfacesUsing a Full-Scale TireE303 Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Proper-ties Using the British Pendulum TesterE707 Test Method for Skid Resistance Meas
11、urements Using1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle -Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.23 onSurface Characteristics Related to Tire Pavement Slip Resistance.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Origin
12、allyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E660 90 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/E0660-90R15.2Mullen, W. G., Whitfield, J. K., Gibson, D., and Matlock, T. L., “Implemen-tation for Use of Variable Speed Friction Tester and Small Wheel Circular TrackWear and Polishing Machine,” Highway Rese
13、arch Program Project ERSD 110-76-2,Final Report; Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield,VA 22161.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the North Carolina State University Variable-Speed Fric-tion Tester (Withdrawn 2006)43. Summary of Practice3.1 The circula
15、r track is fitted with twelve specimen holdersthat can be adapted to specimens of various shapes andthicknesses, but when mounted in the track, form a continuousplane running surface for the polishing wheels. A complete setof twelve specimens exposed to wear and polishing at the sametime is counted
16、as a round of testing. Usually specimens aretested in sets of three per variable per round of test with threecontrol specimens of a standard surface included in each roundto allow comparison between rounds of testing. It is recom-mended that each variable be repeated in three separate rounds,making
17、a minimum of nine specimens per variable to obtain anaverage polishing curve.3.2 To obtain a polishing curve, specimens are subjected topolishing action in the track until friction measurements showno substantial decrease in level with continued polishing effort.Measurements are recorded at the begi
18、nning of the test andperiodically throughout the test cycle to establish the shape ofthe polishing curve. Usually8hofexposure on the track at 30r/min or 7200 wheel passes per hour is sufficient to completethe polishing cycle for bituminous bound mixtures and exposedaggregate specimens. For portland-
19、cement-concrete boundmixtures, it is recommended that a polish curve be obtained onthe original textured surface followed by removal of thesurface to expose the coarse aggregate using the steel-studdedabrading wheels. A polishing curve is then obtained for theexposed aggregate surface.3.3 Friction m
20、easurements can be obtained for bituminousplant mix type surfaces using the British Pendulum Tester inaccordance with Test Method E303. The British PendulumTester has been found to be ineffective in obtaining frictionmeasurements on highly textured surfaces such as bituminoussurface treatments and p
21、ortland-cement-concrete surfaces.Therefore, it is recommended that the North Carolina StateUniversity Variable-Speed Friction Tester2be used in accor-dance with Test Method E707 as the friction measurementdevice on highly textured surfaces. With the Variable SpeedFrictionTester, speed gradients are
22、obtainable in the laboratory.3.4 Interpretation of the laboratory polishing curves for fieldapplication is not included as part of this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The use of laboratory obtained polishing curves andspeed gradients on proposed aggregate combinations andpavement mixtures are h
23、elpful tools in predicting the polishingcharacteristics of these surfaces if placed in field service.5. Apparatus5.1 Small-Wheel Circular Track2A power-driven deviceconsisting of four equally spaced wheels, independentlysuspended, on each of which may be mounted a smooth-treadpneumatic tire, operati
24、ng over a circular track that holdsspecimens to be polished (Fig. 1).NOTE 1Construction plans are published in the reference cited infootnote 2.5.1.1 Rotating Wheel AssemblyFour individually mountedwheel assemblies, free rolling, attached to the central shaft.Tires are 11 6.00 5 nylon smooth no-patt
25、ern tread tires,2-ply rating.5Each wheel may be individually adjusted fordistance from center shaft, plane of rotation (camber), andtoe-in or toe-out. Tire pressure is maintained at 20 psi (138kPa) resulting in 13 psi (90 kPa) average contact pressureunder normal 72-lbf (320-N) wheel loading. Each w
26、heelassembly has a horizontal fender onto which weights may be4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.,Akron, OH 44316. If you are aware of altern
27、ativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 NCSU Wear and Polishing MachineMark IIE660 90 (2015)2fastened to increase the wheel load
28、ing. One pair of oppositewheels is toed-out 2 while the other pair of wheels is toed in4 to produce an accelerated polishing action.5.1.2 Drive mechanism for the vertical central shaft is anelectric motor geared to rotate the shaft and wheel assembly at30 6 2 r/min or approximately 7200 wheel passes
29、 per hour.5.1.3 The circular track is 36 in. (914 mm) in diameter to thecenter of the wheel travel path. There are spaces for individu-ally mounting twelve equally spaced specimen holders to makeup the track running surface. Specimen holders are clampedinto place to the supporting frame when testing
30、 is in progress.5.1.4 Specimen holders or track segments are metal platessupported by three adjustable, lockable bolts for mounting andleveling each specimen before and during testing as necessary.5.1.4.1 Trapezoidal specimens sawed to size are mounted onthe bottom plate of the specimen holder. No t
31、op plate is used.5.1.4.2 Circular specimens or cores at least 6 in. (152 mm)in diameter are mounted on the bottom plate of the specimenholder, and a top plate with the appropriate diameter circularhole is used to complete the track running surface betweenadjacent circular specimens.5.1.4.3 Specimens
32、 are cemented to bottom plate using anepoxy glue or may be held in place by a clamping ring.NOTE 2Thermoplastic cements are unsatisfactory as they allowspecimens to rotate or shift during the progress of the test.5.2 Electrical SystemThe electrical system consists ofthree circuits.5.2.1 The motor ci
33、rcuit is equipped with a slow-blow fuse toprotect the motor in case of overheating or machine lockup.5.2.2 The motor is controlled by a subtracting predeter-mined revolution counter.5.2.3 The safety guards are interlocked so that the motorwill not operate unless guards are in operating position.5.3
34、Studded Steel Abrading WheelThe steel abradingwheel, fabricated from 12-in. (305-mm) diameter steel tubing,is mounted by inflating a pneumatic tire inside. Socket-headcap screws,14 20, used as studs, are arranged in 60 rows andspaced 1.125 in. (28.6 mm) apart within rows with each screwoffset 0.375
35、in. (9.5 mm) from the one above. Two wheels arerecommended. Abrading wheels can only be used on trapezoi-dal specimens where no top specimen holder plate is required(Fig. 2).NOTE 3Construction plans are published in the reference cited infootnote 2.5.3.1 A fiber bristle brush is mounted behind one w
36、heel tosweep the track surface when the abrading wheel is used (Fig.2).5.4 WeightsWeights of 50 lb (22.7 kg) may be added towheel assembly aprons when portland-cement concrete isbeing tested.5.5 Friction-Measuring DeviceAny friction-measuringdevice that will operate to within the center 3.5 by 5.06-
37、in. (89by 129-mm) portion of a 6-in. (152-mm) diameter specimenwould be suitable provided the measurement can be taken inthe direction of traffic and the device can be taken into the fieldto be reasonably correlated with Test Method E274 skid trailermeasurements.5.5.1 Friction measurements can be ma
38、de on low macrotex-ture pavements or pavement samples using the British Pendu-lum Tester in Test Method E303.5.5.2 Friction measurements can be made on any pavementsor pavement samples using the Variable Speed Friction Tester.2In addition, speed gradients may be obtained using this device.5.6 MoldsS
39、pecimen molds may vary in size and shapedepending upon aggregate, mixture, or surface to be tested.5.6.1 Bituminous Laboratory SpecimenA 6-in. (152-mm)inside diameter mold is recommended for bituminous speci-men compaction. The base should be detachable for specimenextraction. If static compaction i
40、n a compression machine isused, a 5.875-in. (149-mm) diameter compaction mold plungershould be provided.5.6.2 Concrete Laboratory SpecimensBecause oftexturing, it is desirable to cast large concrete surfaces and toFIG. 2 Studded Steel-Abrading Wheels and Bristle Sweeping BrushE660 90 (2015)3saw trap
41、ezoidal specimens. A steel plate and angle iron mold7.75 by 28.0 by 2 in. (197 by 711 by 51 mm) deep will providea slab from which three trapezoidal specimens can be sawed.5.6.3 Exposed Aggregate Laboratory SpecimensA 6-in.(152-mm) inside diameter mold approximately 1.8 in. (46 mm)in height is recom
42、mended for exposed aggregate specimenpreparation. The base should be detachable for specimenextraction.5.6.4 Cores and Thin SurfacingsThin or irregular backspecimens may be built up with plaster of paris to suitablemounting thicknesses of 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm) using ringscut from paper concrete c
43、ylinder molds.6. Materials6.1 Laboratory-Made Bituminous SpecimensIt is recom-mended that a standard laboratory aggregate for manufactureof control specimens be stocked in sufficient quantity forapproximately 1 year of operation, and that sufficient quantityshall be retained for recalibration of a n
44、ew supply before theoriginal supply is exhausted.6.2 Laboratory-Made Portland Cement ConcreteSpecimensIt is recommended that standard laboratory coarseand fine aggregates for manufacture of control specimens bestocked in sufficient quantity for approximately 1 year ofoperation and that sufficient qu
45、antity shall be retained forrecalibration of a new supply before the original supply isexhausted.6.3 Laboratory-Made Exposed Aggregate SpecimensIt isrecommended that standard laboratory coarse aggregate for themanufacture of control specimens be stocked in sufficientquantity for approximately one ye
46、ar of operation and thatsufficient quantity shall be retained for recalibration of a newsupply before the original supply is exhausted.6.4 Specimen Mounting CementCommercially availableepoxy cement or a clamping ring shall be used for mountingspecimens.7. Sampling7.1 Not applicable, as sampling sche
47、mes may be varied tomeet the needs of the user.8. Test Specimens8.1 Bituminous Laboratory SpecimensUse a minimum ofthree individual specimens to evaluate each aggregate or eachpavement mixture design. Three rounds of three are recom-mended.8.1.1 Prepare bituminous specimens using the aggregategradat
48、ion and asphalt cement content desired.8.1.1.1 Mix preheated aggregates and asphalt using a me-chanical laboratory mixer.8.1.1.2 Preheat the mold assembly (5.5.1) to mixing tem-perature and place a filter paper in the bottom of the mold.8.1.1.3 Distribute the mixture in the mold using a spatula,rodd
49、ing around the mold sides and rodding and leveling thesurface. Place filter paper over the mixture.8.1.1.4 Place the compaction plunger in the mold andcompact the specimen in a compression machine to 3000 psi(20.68 MPa) holding the load for 2 min.NOTE 4At pressures in excess of 3000 psi (20.68 MPa) someaggregate particles may be crushed, resulting in possible bias of the testresults.8.1.1.5 Remove the plunger, cool the mold and specimen toroom temperature, and extract the specimen from the moldusing a hydraulic press.8.1.1.6 Mark the bottom surface a
