1、Designation: E 671 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Specification forMaximum Permissible Thermal Residual Stress in AnnealedGlass Laboratory Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 671; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 T
3、his specification covers a limit for thermal residualstress in reusable annealed glass laboratory apparatus asdetermined by prescribed photoelastic measurement proce-dures.1.2 In broad classification, the laboratory glassware itemscovered by this specification, but not limited to, are:beakers Imhoff
4、 conesbottles, aspirator impingersbottles, dropping jars, batterybottles, gas washing jars, bellbottles, infusion jars, chromatographybottles, milk test jars, cylindricalbottles, reagent joints, ball and socket or standard taperbottles, weighing manometersbulbs, absorption percolatorsbulbs, leveling
5、 pycnometersbulbs, sampling stopcocksburets tubes, centrifugecondensers tubes, chromatographycrystallizing dishes tubes, color comparison (turbidity)culture dishes tubes, combustion (ignition)custom apparatus tubes, connecting and adaptercylinders, graduated tubes, digestionand plain tubes, dryingde
6、siccators tubes, fermentationextraction tubes tubes, thistle (spray traps)flasks vapor trapsfritted ware viscometersfunnels watch glassesgenerators, Kippgrinder, tissue1.3 This specification recognizes that photoelastic measure-ments are proportional to the difference of the principalstresses. The l
7、imit imposed represents a safety factor to covera situation in which one of the principal stresses may be largerthan the apparent stress.1.4 This specification applies only to annealed glasswarethat is intended for sale as such. It excludes glassware that hasbeen thermally tempered, ion-exchanged, o
8、r laminated withglass layers of differing expansion. The intent of this specifi-cation is to limit the residual stresses for safe consumer use inannealed glass, as it leaves the manufacturer.1.5 Stresses introduced by thermal expansion differenceswithin the glassware are covered by this specificatio
9、n. Gradedand glass-to-metal seals are excluded.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1157 Specification for Sampling and Testing of ReusableLaboratory GlasswareE 1273 Specification for Color Coding of Reusable Labo-ratory PipetsF 218 Test Method for Analyzing Stress in Glass3. Stress Limit3.1
10、 The stress as measured by the procedure in Section 4and calculated by Eq 2 shall not exceed 5.2 MPa (750 psi),except for combustion, centrifuge, and chromatography tubes,for which a limit of 4.5 MPa (650 psi) applies. Ware exceedingthese limits shall be rejected or reannealed to meet thespecificati
11、on.4. Measurement Procedure4.1 Using a Friedel (Senarmont) polarimeter as described inTest Method F 218, place the glass article to be measured in theviewing field in air. Examine every part of the article with adefinable light path (glass dimension) by rotating the analyzerto compensate for local s
12、tress birefringence. Document thosezones showing the higher values for the retardation or thick-ness ratios by recording analyzer angle, glass thickness (lightpath), and position in ware.4.2 In some orientations, such as sighting perpendicular tothe axis of a thin-walled cylinder, two glass paths mu
13、st beincluded in the measurement. If by rotating the cylinder, theretardation appears to be relatively constant, the measurement1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 onLaboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 onApparatus.Current editi
14、on approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 671 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
15、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.is straightforward and the two walls define the light path. If theretardation is variable, the scheme shown in Fig. 1 is r
16、ecom-mended. If an adjacent region is found with low or constantretardation, or both, measure this retardation at normal inci-dence. Then use the recommended (slant) path shown whichincludes one wall of the adjacent region and one wall of theregion in question. The retardation that applies in this c
17、ase isthe slant path reading algebraically corrected by one half of thenormal incidence reading taken in the adjacent zone (Note 1).If an adjacent region meeting these criteria cannot be found,simply record the maximum retardation detected through bothwalls of the variable region at normal incidence
18、.NOTE 1If large angles (10) from normal are chosen or necessary,the increased path must be cosine corrected (see Fig. 1).4.3 Other systems of determining stress-optical retardationare acceptable provided that the technique selected meets thesensitivity of the Friedel polarimeter, which has a least c
19、ount ofapproximately 3 nm (1 analyzer rotation).4.4 For batch or continuous processes, testing and reportingmay be done by statistical sampling.5. Calculation of Stress5.1 Retardation/PathThe retardation per unit path, R, asdetermined with the Friedel polarimeter is given by:R5FAt(1)where:A = angula
20、r rotation of analyzer, degree,R = retardation per unit path, nm/cm,F = conversion factor: 3.15 nm/degree for white light;l/180 for monochromatic light where l is the wave-length of peak intensity, nm, andt = light path (glass thickness) for the particular viewingdirection, cm.FIG. 1 Scheme for Meas
21、uring Retardation in Cylinder with Circumferentially Variable RetardationE 671 98 (2004)25.2 Stress CalculationThe stress is determined by thefollowing equations5RK(2)where:s = stress, MPa, andK = stress-optical constant of the glass (Note 2), nm/cm MPa.NOTE 2The appropriate value for the glass in q
22、uestion can besupplied by the glass manufacturer.6. Report6.1 Report the following information:6.1.1 Identification of article, type of glass,6.1.2 Manufacturing source and date,6.1.3 System for optical retardation measurement,6.1.4 Sketch of article with key measurement points,6.1.5 Table of data,
23、coding measuring points and givinganalyzer readings, light path, statistical analyses, special con-siderations, such as slant path corrections in cylinders, andcalculated stress,6.1.6 Stress-optical constant used, and6.1.7 Date of test and name of operator.7. Sampling and Testing7.1 For sampling and
24、 testing, refer to Specification E 1157.8. Keywords8.1 annealed glass; residual; stressASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
25、the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Y
26、our comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your commen
27、ts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 671 98 (2004)3
