1、Designation: E 906 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using a Thermopile Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 906; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides for determining the releaserates of heat
3、 and visible smoke (Note 1) from materials,products, or assemblies when exposed to different levels ofradiant heat.NOTE 1Visible smoke is described in terms of the obscuration oftransmitted light caused by combustion products released during the tests(see 14.2.1).1.2 This fire-test-response method a
4、ssesses heat release by athermal method, thermopile, using a radiant heat sourcecomposed of an array of four electrical resistance elements.1.3 This test method provides for radiant thermal exposureof a specimen both with and without a pilot. Piloted ignitionresults from direct flame impingement on
5、the specimen (pi-loted, point ignition) or from use of the pilot to ignite gasesevolved by pyrolysis of the specimen.1.4 Heat and smoke release are measured from the momentthe specimen is injected into a controlled exposure chamber.The measurements are continued during the period of ignition(and pro
6、gressive flame involvement of the surface in the caseof point ignition), and to such a time that the test is terminated.1.5 This test method is often identified as the Ohio StateUniversity (OSU) rate of heat release apparatus.1.6 This test method is suitable for exposing essentiallyplanar materials,
7、 products or assemblies to a constant, imposedexternal heat flux that ranges from 0 to 80 kW/m2.1.7 This test method is intended for use in research anddevelopment and not as a basis for rating, regulatory, or codepurposes.1.8 The apparatus described in this test method has beenused in two configura
8、tions. Configuration A is that which isused by the Federal Aviation Administration for assessingmaterials for aircraft use, at an external heat flux of 35 kW/m2(DOT/FAA/AR-00/12), while configuration B is suitable, atvarious incident heat fluxes, for research and developmentpurposes.1.9 This test me
9、thod does not provide information on thefire performance of the test specimens under fire conditionsother than those conditions specified in this test method.Known limitations of this test method are described in 1.9.1-1.9.5.1.9.1 Heat and smoke release rates depend on a number offactors, including
10、the formation of surface char, the formationof an adherent ash, sample thickness, and the method ofmounting.1.9.2 Heat release values are a function of the specificspecimen size (exposed area) tested. Results are not directlyscaleable to different exposed surface areas for some products.1.9.3 The te
11、st method is limited to the specified specimensizes of materials, products, or assemblies. If products are to betested, the test specimen shall be representative of the productin actual use. The test is limited to exposure of one surface; theoptions for exposed surface are vertical and horizontal fa
12、cingup.1.9.4 At very high specimen heat release rates, it is possiblethat flaming is observed above the stack, which makes the testinvalid.1.9.5 No general relationship has been established betweenheat release rate values obtained from horizontally and verti-cally oriented specimens. Specimens that
13、melt and drip in thevertical orientation shall be tested horizontally.1.10 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.11 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these t
14、ests. Fire testinginvolves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. SeeSection 6.1.12 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse or materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire h
15、azard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved June
16、15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 906 06.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
17、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for
18、 TestingE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety-Vocabulary32.3 Federal Aviation Administration Standard:Aircraft Material Fire Test Handbook
19、, DOT/FAA/AR-00/12, FAA Technical Center, April 200043. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE 176 and ISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E 176 shallprevail
20、.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 continuous, as related to data acquisition, adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorless.3.2.2 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.3 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over the surfaceof t
21、he specimen for periods of less than 4 s.3.2.4 gas phase ignition, nignition of pyrolysis productsleaving a heated surface by a pilot flame or other ignitionsource that does not impinge on, nor significantly affect, forexample, by reradiation, the heated surface.3.2.5 orientation, nplane in which th
22、e exposed face of thespecimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizon-tally face upwards.3.2.6 SMOKE unitthe concentration of smoke particulatesin a cubic metre of air that reduces the percent transmission oflight through a 1-m path to 10 %. SMOKE = Standard MetricOptical Kinetic Emiss
23、ion.3.2.7 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the majority of the surface of the specimen for a period of4 s or more.3.2.8 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.3.2.9 time
24、to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen to be tested is injected into an environ-mental chamber through which a constant flow of air passes.The specimens exposure is determined by a radiant heatsource adjusted to produce the desired total heat flux on thespe
25、cimen. Exposure options include: horizontal or verticalorientations; nonpiloted ignition, piloted ignition of evolvedgases, or point ignition of the surface. The changes in tempera-ture and optical density of the gas leaving the chamber aremonitored, and from this data the release rates of heat andv
26、isible smoke (see 14.2.1) are calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a description of the behaviorof material specimens under a specified fire exposure in termsof the release rate of heat and visible smoke. It is possible todetermine the change in behavior of materials and p
27、roductswith change in heat-flux exposure by testing specimens in aseries of exposures that cover a range of heat fluxes.5.2 The data obtained for a specific test describe the rate ofheat and smoke release of the specimen when exposed to thespecific environmental conditions and procedures used inperf
28、orming that test.5.3 The entire exposed surface of the specimen will not beburning during the progressive involvement phase when pi-loted, point ignition (impingement) procedures are used. Dur-ing the period of progressive surface involvement, release ratesof heat and smoke are “per square metre of
29、original exposedsurface area” not “per square metre of flame involved surface.”5.4 The rates of both heat and smoke release are calculatedper square metre of original surface area exposed. If aspecimen swells, sags, delaminates, or otherwise deforms sothat the exposed surface area changes, calculate
30、d release ratescorrespond to the original area, not to the new surface area.5.5 Heat-release values depend on mode of ignition. Gasphase ignition gives a more dimensionally consistent measureof release rate when very rapid or immediate flame involve-ment of the specimen surface occurs. However, pilo
31、ted, pointignition allows release-rate information to be obtained atexternal heat flux from zero up to that required for satisfactorygas-phase ignition, usually over 20 kW/m2external exposure.No correlation between the two modes of piloted ignition hasbeen established.5.6 Release rates depend on man
32、y factors, some of whichcannot be controlled. It is possible that samples that produce asurface char, a layer of adherent ash, or those that arecomposites or laminates do not attain a steady-state releaserate. Thermally thin specimens, that is, specimens whoseunexposed surface changes temperature du
33、ring period of test,will not attain a steady-state release rate. Therefore, releaserates for a given material will depend, for example, on how thematerial is used, its thickness, and the method of mounting.5.7 Heat-release values are for the specific specimen size(exposed area) tested. Results are n
34、ot directly scalable todifferent exposed surface areas for some products.5.8 The method is limited to specimen sizes of materials inaccordance with 7.1 and to products from which it is possible2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
35、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), S
36、pringfield,VA 22161. An electronic version of the handbook with the latest revisions can befound at the FAA website: http:/www.fire.tc.faa.gov/handbook.stm.E906072to obtain a test specimen representative of the product in actualuse. The test is limited to exposure of one surface; there are twooption
37、s for exposure orientation: either vertical or horizontal. Ifa heat release rate of 8 kW, which is equivalent to 355 kW/m2for 150 by 150-mm vertical specimens, or 533 kW/m2for 100by 150-mm horizontal specimens is exceeded, there is dangerof combustion occurring above the stack.5.9 No general relatio
38、nship between release rate valuesobtained from horizontally and vertically oriented specimenshas been established. Conduct tests on specimens in the form inwhich the material is oriented in end use conditions. To provideadditional information, conduct tests in the horizontal orienta-tion for those s
39、pecimens that melt and drip in the verticalorientation.5.10 Release rate measurements provide useful informationfor product development by giving a quantitative measure ofspecific changes in fire test performance caused by productmodifications.5.11 This test method differs in both the method of expo
40、sureand the calculation procedure from the techniques used in TestMethod E 1354, the cone calorimeter, which assesses heatrelease by oxygen consumption calorimetry, using a truncatedcone as a radiant source.6. Operator Safety6.1 The test procedure involves high temperatures, andcombustion processes.
41、 Therefore, it is possible for eye injuries,burns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and inhalationof smoke or combustion products to occur, unless properprecautions are taken. To avoid accidental leakage of toxiccombustion products into the surrounding atmosphere, it isadvisable to evacua
42、te the chamber, at the end of a test, into anexhaust system with adequate capacity. The operator must useheavy gloves, safety tongs or other suitable protection forremoval of the specimen holder. The venting must be checkedperiodically for proper operation. Care shall be takne not totouch the spark
43、igniter during operation, if used, since it carriesa substantial potential. The exhaust system of the appartus shallbe checked for proper operation before testing and shalldischarge into a building exhaust system with adequate capac-ity. The possibility of the violent ejection of molten hotmaterial
44、or sharp fragments from some kinds of specimenswhen irradiated must be taken into account.7. Sample Preparation7.1 The standard size for vertically mounted specimens is150 6 2mmby1506 2 mm (6.0 6 0.06 in. by 6.0 6 0.06 in.)exposed surface with thickness up to 100 mm (4.0 in.). Thestandard size for h
45、orizontally mounted specimens is 100 6 2mm by 150 6 2 mm (6.0 6 0.06 in. by 6.0 6 0.06 in.) exposedsurface, up to 45 mm (1.75 in.) thick. Mount thin specimens,such as wall or floor coverings, in the same manner as used.For example, test a wall covering to be glued to gypsum wallboard when glued to a
46、 section of gypsum board using the sametype of adhesive. The assembly shall be considered thespecimen to be tested. Applications requiring thicknessesgreater than 45 mm (1.75 in.) shall be tested at 45 mm (1.75in.) thicknesses.7.2 ConditioningCondition the specimens at 23 6 3C(70 6 5F) and 50 6 5 %
47、relative humidity for a minimum of24 h prior to test, or as described by Procedure A of PracticeD 618, if appropriate.7.3 MountingExpose only one surface of a specimenduring a test. Insulate, on five sides, specimens that have a slabgeometry. A single layer of 0.025-mm (0.001 in.) aluminumfoil shall
48、 be wrapped tightly on all unexposed sides with thedull side of the foil facing the specimen surface. For productswhose exposed surface is not a plane, describe mounting andmethod of calculating surface area exposed when reportingresults.7.4 Specimen OrientationFor specimens with anisotropicproperti
49、es (meaning they have different properties in differentdirections such as machine and cross-machine directions forextrusions, wrap and fill for woven fabrics), the specimensshall be tested in the orientation giving the highest results. Ifthis orientation is not known prior to test, two sets of at leastthree specimens each shall be prepared and tested, with one setoriented in one direction and the second set oriented in theother direction.8. Release Rate ApparatusConfiguration A8.1 The apparatus shown in Figs. 1 and 2 shall be used todetermine heat release rates. All
