1、Designation: E 966 04Standard Guide forField Measurements of Airborne Sound Insulation ofBuilding Facades and Facade Elements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe sound transmission of a building facade or facade element as measured under field conditionsis depe
3、ndent not only on the physical characteristics of the facade, but also on the characteristics ofthe incident sound field used to make the measurement. This is also true for laboratory tests of panelsusing the two-room method described in Test Method E 90; however, the incident sound field in theseco
4、ntrolled tests is made uniformly diffuse. The same is approximately true for field measurements ofnoise reduction and transmission loss by Test Method E 336. Such uniformity is not possible forfacade measurements in the field where each situation is unique, resulting in incident sound fields thatmay
5、 range all the way from free field produced by a point source to quasi-diffuse produced by a linesource.At this time, there are insufficient data available to specify a single, standard measurementprocedure suitable for all field situations. For this reason, this guide provides a number of alternati
6、vetest procedures for the measurements of facade field level reduction and transmission loss.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers field procedures for measuring thesound level reduction or sound transmission loss of an installedbuilding facade or facade element in specified frequencybands. These values may
7、 be used separately to predict interiorlevels or combined into a single number such as by Classifi-cation E 413 (with precautions) or Classification E 1332 toestimate the sound insulating properties of the test element,FOITC, in the field. The results are applicable to installationssimilar to that t
8、ested when exposed to an outdoor sound fieldsimilar to that used during the measurement.1.1.1 The facade element may be the exterior wall of a roomin the building, or a portion of that wall such as a door orwindow, when the remainder of that wall has substantiallygreater sound insulation than the po
9、rtion under test.1.2 To cope with the variety of outdoor test geometry thatmay be encountered, several testing techniques are presented.These techniques and their general applicability are summa-rized in Table 1 and Figs. 1-6.1.3 This guide may be used to determine the outdoor-indoorlevel reduction
10、(OILR), which is the difference in soundpressure between a specified outdoor sound field and theresulting sound pressure level in the room abutting the testfacade or facade element. The outdoor sound field and itsmeasurement must be thoroughly described. The resultinglevel reduction or transmission
11、loss value will depend on theoutdoor field geometry and the point at which it is measured orrepresented.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns,
12、if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 423 Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound
13、Ab-sorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room MethodC 634 Terminology Relating To Environmental AcousticsE 90 Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of AirborneSound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Ele-mentsE 336 Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound1This guide is under the
14、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on EnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.03 on Transmission.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 966 02.2For referenced ASTM stan
15、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、PA 19428-2959, United States.Insulation in BuildingsE 413 Classification for Rating Sound InsulationE 1332 Classification for Determination of Outdoor-IndoorTransmission ClassE 2235 Test Method for Determination of Decay Rates forUse in Sound Insulation Test Methods2.2 ANSI Standards:3S1.4 Specifica
17、tion for Sound Level MetersS1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-OctaveAnalog and Digital Filter Sets3Available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd. St., 4thFloor, New York, NY, 10036.TABLE 1 Application Guide to Measurement of Outdoor-Indoor Level Reduction (OILR
18、) of Facade ElementsAOutdoor Signal Source Outdoor Microphone PositionCalculationReferenceSectionApplications RemarksCalibrated loudspeaker at u = 45from test elementIncident sound pressure inferred from separatecalibration of source8.3.1, Fig. 1; Eq 4 Use when traffic noise is not available orwhen
19、outdoor measurement at or nearfacade is not possible.Loudspeaker at u = 45 from testelementSeveral locations averaged about 1.2 m 2.4 m fromthe facade element8.3.2, Fig. 2; Eq 5 Use when calibrated source or flushmeasurement is not possible.Loudspeaker at u = 45 from testelementSeveral locations les
20、s than 17 mm from facadeelement8.3.3, Fig. 3; Eq 6 Use when traffic noise is not available andwhen loudspeaker cannot be calibrated.Traffic or equivalent Simultaneous measurement remote from the facade 9.5.1, Fig. 4; Eq 8 Source far from facade (that is, consistenttraffic or aircraft overflights).Tr
21、affic or equivalent, moving parallelwith facadeSimultaneous measurement 2 m (79 in.) from facade 9.5.2, Fig. 5; Eq 9 Suitable when facade faces traffic. Smoothor rough facades. OILR and OITL down to80 Hz.Traffic or equivalent, moving parallelwith facadeSimultaneous measurement less than 17 mm fromfa
22、cade surface9.5.3, Fig. 6; Eq 10 Smooth or rough facade element test (forexample, window, wall air conditioner, etc.);OILR theapparent OITL is the lower limiting value of the outdoor-indoor transmission loss of the facade element.3.2.2 coincidence transmissiontransmission loss which isespecially ang
23、ular dependent (see 8.2.3.2).3.2.3 field outside-inside transmission class, FOITCthesingle number rating obtained by Classification E 413 orE 1332 with the OITL values.3.2.4 outdoor-indoor level reduction, OILRin a specifiedfrequency band, the difference between the time-averagedexterior sound press
24、ure and the space-time average soundpressure in a room of a building.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe direct field sound pressure is froma sound source at a specified angle of incidence, u, as definedin Fig. 2, or a range of angles in the case of a moving source,which would be present at the facade of the room
25、, were thebuilding and its facade not present.3.2.5 outdoor-indoor transmission loss, OITL (u)of abuilding facade element in a specified frequency band, tentimes the common logarithm of the ratio of airborne soundpower per unit area incident on the facade element at aspecified angle, u, as defined i
26、n Fig. 2, to the sound powertransmitted through it and radiated to the interior; the quantityso obtained is expressed in decibels (dB).3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe unqualified term OITL (u) signi-fies that flanking tests have been performed according to AnnexA1 to verify that there was no significant flank
27、ing or leakagetransmission. In the absence of such tests, the test result may betermed the apparent OITL (see 3.2.1).3.2.6 traffc noisenoise emitted by moving transportationvehicles, such as cars, trucks, locomotives, or aircraft.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides procedures to measure the r
28、eductionin sound level from the outdoors to an enclosed room. Thisoutside-inside level reduction is a function of angle, OILR (u),where u is the angle of incidence of the outdoor sound. Withfurther measurements under restricted conditions, a basicproperty of a facade or facade element, the outdoor-i
29、ndoortransmission loss, OITL (u), may be determined. This requiresthat the conditions of Annex A1 be met to demonstrate thatflanking of sound around the test specimen is not significant. Ifit is not possible to meet the conditions of Annex A1, theapparent OITL (u) is reported. The OILR (u) and OITL
30、(u) mayreported for a range of angles.4.2 Sources of Test Signal:4.2.1 The outdoor sound pressure level produced by aloudspeaker source is either inferred from a previous calibra-tion of the level emitted by that loudspeaker at a specificdistance, or it is measured near the facade, or it is measured
31、flush to the facade. When the outdoor sound level is measurednear the facade, measurements shall be averaged over severallocations near the test specimen to minimize effects of incidentand reflected sound wave interference.4.2.2 In the traffic noise method, movement of sourcesalong a line such as a
32、highway or flight path combined withtime averaging will minimize interference effects. To accountfor source fluctuations using the traffic noise method, theincident sound is measured synchronously with the indoorlevels.4.3 To avoid propagation anomalies and extraneous noisesources, the measurements
33、shall be made without precipitationand when the wind speed is less than 5 m/s (11 mph).4.4 Measurements are preferably conducted in a series ofone-third octave band frequencies from at least 80 to 5000 Hz.Octave band data in the same frequency range are optional.NOTE 1Where A-weighted OILR values ar
34、e desired, A-weightedmeasurements may be used. These values shall be reported as A-weighted.FIG. 5 Geometry2 m (79 in.) Position MethodFIG. 6 Geometry and FormulasLine Source Flush MethodE9660435. Significance and Use5.1 The OILR and OITL produced by the methods describedwill not correspond to the t
35、ransmission loss and noise reductionmeasured by Test Method E 90 and E 336 because of thedifferent angular distributions that may exist in the outdoorincident sound fields (1)4and the sound intensity distributionacross the test facade. Of the three methods cited for measuringthe outdoor sound field
36、from a loudspeaker, the free and flushmethods are more repeatable. The near method is used onlywhen the free field and the flush methods are not feasible.5.2 Flanking transmission or unusual field conditions couldrender the determination of OITL difficult or meaningless.Where the auxiliary tests des
37、cribed in Annex A1 cannot besatisfied, only the apparent OITL or the OILR are to beconsidered valid.6. Conditions Required to Typify the Characteristics of aFacade Element6.1 The facade under test is usually the whole segment ofexterior wall common to and enclosing one room (the receivingroom). A fa
38、cade element under test would be only a part of thatfacade. The room selected for test should be surrounded withequal or better construction, with no obvious leakage pathssuch as open windows in adjacent spaces. Rooms at the top ofa multi-story building might be unsuitable for testing becauseof flan
39、king transmission through the roof. A room at the cornerof a building may be undesirable since sound penetrating theadjoining exterior wall may be difficult to assess.6.2 If a relatively massive facade contains a low-masselement such as a window, the latter could be considered theelement under test
40、on the assumption that it transmits a greateramount of incident sound. A decision should be made whetherthe test element size is to be defined with or without itsperimeter joints and framing.6.3 Flanking measurement according to Annex A1 shouldbe made blocking the element under test as defined in 6.
41、2. Thistest determines the degree to which sound transmits throughthe remainder of the facade. The OITL may be computed withthe result of Eq A1.1, and so stated in the report according to13.1.2.7. Properties of the Receiving Room Required toDetermine OITL(u) or Apparent OITL(u)7.1 The sound transmit
42、ted through the test facade element ismeasured in an adjacent receiving room. The ratio of theincident power to the power transmitted and radiated into theroom is calculated using the space- and time-averaged soundpressure levels and the receiving room absorption.7.2 Receiving Room Shape and VolumeT
43、he receivingroom must form an enclosed space. For determining the OITLor apparent OITL, the room length, width, and height should beall different with the largest dimension no greater than twicethe shortest and the test facade dimensions should be at least2.3 by 2.4 m (7.5 by 8.0 ft).7.2.1 The volum
44、e of the receiving room determines to alarge extent the lowest frequency at which the sound fields areadequately uniform; the larger the room, the lower the limitingfrequency. In all cases, the room volume must be reported. It isrecommended that the room volume be greater than 50 m3(1770 ft3) for OI
45、TL measurement.7.3 DiffusionFor determining an accurate spatial soundpressure level, it is helpful if the room contains diffusingobjects such as hard furniture.7.4 Receiving Room Absorption Measurement for Determin-ing OITL (u):7.4.1 It is preferred that the receiving room should havehard wall, ceil
46、ing, and floor surfaces. For furnished rooms, itshould be reported whether the absorption exceeds that givenby the following equation:A25 V2/3(1)where:V = room volume, m3(ft3), andA2= absorption, m2(sabins).7.4.2 Measurement of the Receiving Room Absorption, A2:7.4.2.1 Reverberation Method (see Test
47、 Method E 2235)The value of A is derived from measurements of the rate ofdecay of sound pressure level in the receiving room, employinga sound source in the receiving room. The Sabine equationleads to the following equation:A25 0.921 Vd/c (2)where d is the rate of decay of reverberant sound in thero
48、om, dB/s, measured according to Test Method E 2235.The speed of sound in the receiving room will change withair temperature. It must be calculated, m/s, as follows:c 5 20.047=273.05 1 t (3)were t is the air temperature in degrees Celsius.8. OILR and OITL Measurement with a Fixed(Loudspeaker) Source8
49、.1 Measurement Site Background NoiseIndoor and out-door levels produced by the loudspeaker should be at least 5 dBabove the respective background noise levels in all measure-ment bands. If the level produced by the test loudspeaker isbetween 5 and 10 dB above the background level, adjustmentsfor background noise must be applied according to Section 10.It may be necessary to conduct measurements during periods oflow indoor and outdoor noise to meet these requirements.8.2 Generation of Outdoor Sound Field:8.2.1 Loudspeaker Sound Emission CharacteristicsAsingle loudspe
