1、Designation: F 1042 87 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forEstimating Toner and Dispersant Usage in Copiers UtilizingLiquid Developers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1042; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for estimating thenumber of copies that can be produced
3、 for a given unit of toner,and a given unit of dispersant in a copier utilizing liquiddeveloper.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
4、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic CopyingF 596 Practice for Comparative Evaluation of the ImagingProperties of Dry Electrostatic TonersF 875 Test Method for Evaluatio
5、n of Large Area Densityand Background on Office CopiersF 995 Test Method for Estimating Toner Usage in CopiersUtilizing Dry Two-Component Developer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dispersantan organic liquid in a liquid developersystem that conveys toner particl
6、es. (See Terminology F 335.)3.1.2 dispersant usageamount of dispersant (milligramsper copy) removed from the system during the copyingprocess.3.1.3 liquid tonera toner dispersed in an organic liquidcarrier used for developing electrostatic images in copiers.3.1.4 toner usageamount of toner (milligra
7、ms per copy)removed from the system during the copying process.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A copier is set up to standard operating parameters andoperated under a controlled job stream and environment for alength of time sufficient for stable performance. A known orestimated quantity of toner and disp
8、ersant used to replenish thetoner bath over the length of the test, along with the totalnumber of copies generated, is used to estimate the number ofcopies produced per unit of toner and per unit of dispersant.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice can be used to evaluate the performance ofdiffere
9、nt lots of toner in a common machine. It can also be usedto evaluate the economics of toner and dispersant usage whenmaking machine-to-machine comparisons.5.2 This practice provides only a point estimate that issubject to a significant number of variables that are not easilymeasured. Those making de
10、cisions based on the results of thispractice should carefully consider the accuracy of the resultsand other pertinent data.5.3 Actual use of the copier in normal operating conditionswill most likely result in toner and dispersant usage valuesdifferent from those generated using this practice.6. Inte
11、rferences6.1 Variations in toner usage can occur for many of thefollowing reasons: machine adjustments, operating environ-ment, varying use of special copy controls, number of copieson photoconductor and toner bath, variations in copy paper,operator variability, batch-to-batch toner variability, mac
12、hine-to-machine variability, and use of different area of coverage oforiginal documents.6.2 Machine-to-machine comparisons should be made, ifpossible, with the same manufacturing lot of toner and dispers-ant.6.3 The test conditions used when making comparisonsbetween machines or toners should be car
13、efully considered andwell documented.6.4 The test must be controlled as described in this practice.A casual use of the copier during the test may affect the results.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessCopy Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
14、e F05.04 onElectrostatic Copy Products.Current edition approved May 15, 1987. Published July 1987.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
15、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.5 The toner and dispersant usage estimated with thispractice may not accurately predict actual field results. Actualresults will depend not only o
16、n those listed in 6.1 but on anumber of additional variables: type of originals used (percentarea of coverage), machine and service variability, users imagequality requirements, and number of copies per original.7. Apparatus7.1 Refer to Test Method F 875 for required instruments.7.2 Balance, reading
17、 to the nearest tenth of a gram.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Sufficient quantities of paper, toner, dispersant andphotoconductor, to run the evaluation. (See 10.7.)8.2 Test Targets:8.2.1 Chart for 4 % CoverageAs shown in Fig. 1 of TestMethod F 995.38.2.2 Chart for 8 % CoverageAs shown in Fig. 2 of T
18、estMethod F 995.38.2.3 Density and Background Test SheetAs shown inFig. 1 of Test Method F 875.49. Conditioning9.1 Condition the paper, toner, dispersant, photoconductor,and copier in the test environment for 24 h prior to initiatingthe test.10. Procedure10.1 Control the environment in which the fol
19、lowing pro-cedure is carried out to reduce variation. Control the tempera-ture6 5F (62.75C) around the mean temperature selectedfor the test. Control the relative humidity (RH) 610 % aroundthe mean RH selected for this test. Measure and record theactual temperature and RH periodically during the tes
20、t.10.2 The machine, in which toner and dispersant usage willbe measured, should be thoroughly cleaned by an authorizedservice representative and any prescribed preventative mainte-nance performed prior to loading the test materials. It is alsorecommended that major replaceable components in the fusi
21、ngand cleaning subsystems be replaced in accordance with themanufacturers PM schedule.10.3 Design a log sheet (see Fig. 1) on which to recordsignificant events during the running of this test.10.4 Record the initial machine copy count from the appro-priate indicator before test materials are loaded
22、into themachine.10.5 The copy paper used should be all of the same size andtype. Paper should remain in the original packaging until justbefore it is added to the copier. Manufacturers directionsshould be followed in placing the paper in the machine.10.6 The procedure requires that the machine and t
23、oner beused sufficiently long enough to provide stable performance.This is defined as one preventative maintenance cycle numberof copies (PM). Add toner and dispersant being evaluated asrequired throughout the test. (See 10.7.2.)10.7 For liquid development machines, toner, and dispersantusages are e
24、stimated over some steady-state period of opera-tion. The test is considered to begin with the addition of thesecond unit of test toner or dispersant (NT2, ND2, respectively).The first unit of test toner and dispersant (NT1, ND1) is used toset the copier into a steady test state.10.7.1 Record the ma
25、chine copy count at machine set up(CT1, CD1) and at the beginning of the test period when testtoner or dispersant is installed in the machine (CT2and CD2).10.7.2 Record the machine copy count as each additionalunit of toner or dispersant is installed to replenish the bath. Addtoner or dispersant onl
26、y when the replenishment sensor indi-cates an “add toner” or “add dispersant” condition.10.7.3 Calculate the net weight of each unit of toner ordispersant added to the nearest tenth of a gram. This can bedone by directly weighing the toner or dispersant added, ordetermining the net toner or dispersa
27、nt added by weighing thecontainer before it is loaded in a machine and after it is3Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order PCN 12-609950-11.4Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order PCN 12-608750-11.FIG. 1 Sample Data SheetF 1042 87 (2004)2removed. Record these net weights as NT1, NT2, NTn(toner)and
28、ND1, ND2, NDn(dispersant).10.7.4 Compare the copy counts CT2and CD2. Add the PMnumber (see 10.6) of copies to the larger of CT2or CD2. Thisnumber will be the copy count at which the test should bestopped, CF.10.7.5 At the end of the test, the toner and dispersantreplenishment containers may not be e
29、mpty. Weigh them at thispoint and calculate the net weight of toner and dispersant thathas been added to the machine from these final bottles, NTfand NDf respectively.10.7.6 Estimate toner usage, in milligrams per copy, byusing the following equation:Toner usage 5NT21 NT31 . 1 NTn2 1 1 NTf!CF 2 CT2!
30、3 100010.7.7 Estimate dispersant usage, in milligrams per copy, byusing the following equation:Dispersant usage5ND21 ND31 . 1 NDn2 1 1 NDf!CF 2 CD2!3 100010.8 Conduct the test using one of two standard toner usagetest targets identified in 8.2.1 and 8.2.2. Selection depends onthe desired print cover
31、age (4 % or 8 %). One may want to usethe target which represents the print coverage closest to thatmost commonly used by the consumer. This document pro-vides a controlled job stream and eliminates one source ofvariability.10.9 Rotate the toner usage test target 180 on the platenevery 500 copies to
32、reduce the potential of fatiguing thephotoconductor.10.10 Monitor image quality during the test as a check oncopy uniformity and process performance. Use the density andbackground test target (Test Method F 875) at the beginning ofthe test and at intervals equal to the number of copies that canbe ge
33、nerated in2hofmachine operation. Record the densitydata and copy count at each measurement. Readjust themachine if density changes by more than 15 % as measuredduring Test Method F 875.11. Interpretation of Results11.1 The estimated toner usage determined by this prac-ticerelates only to the relativ
34、ely limited and controlled conditionsunder which the practice was used. It is useful in makingcomparisons between machines or lots of toner only underthese conditions. Variations in the populations of machines,toners, service, and operating conditions may result in tonerusage values different from t
35、hose estimated.12. Precision12.1 The precision of the procedure for estimating the tonerusage in copiers utilizing liquid toners is being determined.Preliminary data from one laboratory, using a similarly con-trolled test, gave a range from the mean of 10 %.13. Keywords13.1 copier; disperant; disper
36、sant usage (or yield); liquidtoner; toner; toner usage (or yield)ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any su
37、ch patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invit
38、ed either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a
39、 fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1042 87 (2004)3
