1、Designation: F1060 18Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Conductive and Compressive Heat Resistance(CCHR)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to measure the thermal-protective properties of materials that provide thermal insula-tion when c
3、ontact is made with hot surfaces during a limitedexposure up to 1 min.1.1.1 During this limited time exposure, the temperature canreach a threshold approaching 600 F (316 C).1.2 Because there is significant potential for injury, thethermal-insulative properties of the materials used in theconstructi
4、on of protective clothing including, but not limitedto, woven fabrics, knit fabrics, battings, sheet structures, andany composites, need to demonstrate they are capable ofreaching a heat threshold that is sufficient to allow prediction ofeither a pain sensation or a second-degree burn injury to huma
5、ntissue.1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat under controlled laboratory conditions and should notbe used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire riskof materials, products, or assemblies under a
6、ctual exposureconditions.1.4 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are given for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of th
7、is standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Dec
8、ision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and
9、Testing Tex-tilesD4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior ofTextilesF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsIn testing thermal protection clothingmaterial, the response to hot surface contact is indicated by thefollowing descriptive terms:3.1.1 charrin
10、gthe formation of a carbonaceous residue asthe result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.2 embrittlementthe formation of a brittle residue as aresult of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 heat fluxthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and tim
11、e, W/m2(cal/cm2s).3.1.4 human tissue heat tolerance (heat tolerance)in thetesting of thermal-protective materials, the amount of thermalenergy predicted to cause a second-degree burn injury inhuman tissue.3.1.5 ignitionthe initiation of combustion.3.1.6 meltinga material response evidenced by soften
12、ingof the polymer.3.1.7 shrinkagea decrease in one or more dimensions ofan object or material.3.1.8 stickinga material response evidenced by softeningand adherence of the material to the surface of itself or anothermaterial.3.1.9 thermal end pointin the testing of thermal-protectivematerials, the po
13、int where the copper slug calorimeter sensorresponse (heat energy measured) intersects with a predictedskin burn injury model.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame
14、and Thermal.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F1060 16. DOI:10.1520/F1060-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationa
16、lly recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.10 thermal-protective properties, nthe measuremento
17、f the thermal insulative properties demonstrated by a specificcombination of materials before reaching the data point wherethe heat threshold can predict either a pain sensation, or predicta second-degree burn injury to human tissue.3.2 For all terminology related to protective clothing, seeTerminol
18、ogy F1494.3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures the performance of insulativematerials. A material is placed in contact with a standard hotsurface. The amount of heat transmitted by the mat
19、erial iscompared with the human tissue tolerance and the obviouseffects of the heat on the material are noted.4.2 The temperature of the hot surface is measured/controlled with a thermocouple and the heat transmitted by thetest specimen is measured with a copper calorimeter. Thecalorimeter temperatu
20、re increase is a direct measure of the heatenergy received.4.3 A contact pressure of 3 kPa (0.5 psi) is used to comparematerial performance under controlled conditions. If a differentpressure is chosen to represent a specific use condition, whereit is used should be noted under test conditions (13.1
21、.2.3).4.4 The material performance is determined from theamount of heat transferred by the specimen and the observedeffect of the heat exposure on the specimen. The thermalprotection is the exposure time required to cause the accumu-lated heat received by the sensor to equal the heat that willresult
22、 in a pain sensation (see Table 1) or cause a second-degree burn in human tissue (see Table 2), as predicted fromcomparison of heat transfer data with human tissue heattolerance curves (see Tables 1 and 2).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method rates materials intended for use asprotective clot
23、hing against exposure to hot surfaces for theirthermal insulating properties and their reaction to the testconditions.5.2 The thermal protection time, as determined by this testmethod, relates to the actual end-use performance only to thedegree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposureu
24、sed in this test method; that is, the hot surface test temperatureis the same as the actual end-use temperature and the testpressure is the same as the end-use pressure.5.2.1 Higher pressures beyond the 3-kPa (0.5-psi) pressureprovided by the calorimeter assembly in this test method shallbe permitte
25、d to be used in this test method to simulate theconditions of protective clothing use.5.3 The procedure maintains the specimen in a static,horizontal position under a standard pressure and does notinvolve movement.5.4 One of the intended applications for this test method iscomparing the relative per
26、formance of different materials.5.5 This test method is limited to short exposure because themodel used to predict burn injury is limited to predictions oftime-to-burn for up to 30 s, and predictions of time-to-pain forup to 50 s. The use of this test method for longer hot surfaceexposures requires
27、a different model for determining burninjury or a different basis for reporting test results.6. Apparatus6.1 General ArrangementThe arrangement of the indi-vidual components of the test apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Alternatively, transmit temperature output readings toa data acquisition unit,
28、then computer process to obtain the testresult.6.2 Hot PlateShall have a flat, heated surface with thesmallest dimension, a minimum of at least 200 mm (8 in.), andhave the ability to achieve a temperature of at least 371 C(700 F) and to permit temperature control within 2.8 C(65 F).6.3 Surface plate
29、The flat plate shall be 6.4 mm (14 in.)thick, 140 by 140 mm (5.5 by 5.5 in.) wide, with a 2.4-mm(332-in.) hole drilled from the edge to the center of the plate(Fig. 2). Use either electrolytic copper or T-1100 aluminumsurface plates. The surface plate must be flat, smooth, and freefrom pits and cavi
30、ties. (Flatness is indicated by negligible lightpassing between a straight edge and the plate surface.) Loss ofthe original mill finish (as judged with the naked eye) orwarping, or both, may result in failure to achieve calibrationwith the reference standard.6.4 SensorA copper calorimeter mounted in
31、 an insulatingblock with added weight and constructed as shown in Figs. 3and 4 with the standard characteristics listed below. Thefollowing equations permit the determination of the totalincident heat energy from the copper calorimeter:TABLE 1 Human Tissue Tolerance to Pain SensationExposureTimeHeat
32、 Flux Total Heat Calorimeter Equivalentcal/cm2sec W/cm2cal/cm2s W sec/cm2T, F T, C mV1.0 0.640 2.70 0.640 2.70 8.53 4.74 0.2501.5 0.475 2.00 0.713 3.00 9.51 5.28 0.2752.0 0.385 1.61 0.770 3.22 10.27 5.71 0.2933.0 0.280 1.17 0.840 3.51 11.20 6.22 0.3225.0 0.195 0.82 0.975 4.08 13.00 7.22 0.3757.0 0.1
33、55 0.65 1.085 4.54 14.47 8.04 0.42010.0 0.118 0.49 1.180 4.94 15.73 8.74 0.45820.0 0.076 0.32 1.520 6.36 20.27 11.26 0.58230.0 0.060 0.25 1.800 7.53 24.00 13.33 0.69050.0 0.060 0.25 3.000 12.55 40.00 22.22 1.150F1060 182q 5mass 3 Cp3 Tempfinal2 Tempinitial!area 3 timefinal2 timeinitial!(1)where:q =
34、heat flux (cal/cm2s),mass = mass of the copper disk/slug (g),Cp= heat capacity of copper (0.09426 cal/g C at100 C),Tempfinal= final temperature of copper disk/slug at timefinal(C),Tempinitial= initial temperature of copper disk/slug attimeinitial(C),area = area of the exposed copper disk/slug (cm2),
35、timefinal= ending time (s), andtimeinitial= starting time (s).For a copper disk/slug that has a mass of 18.0 g and exposedarea of 12.57 cm2, the determination of heat flux reduces to:q 50.135 3 Tempfinal2 Tempinitial!timefinal2 timeinitial!(2)If you use a copper disk/slug with a different mass, orex
36、posed area, or both, the constant factor should be adjustedcorrespondingly. Also note that a different mass/surface areasensor will give different rates of temperature change toincident heat energy so the calculations made later will need tonote this and make appropriate changes to correct (forexamp
37、le, see 10.3, 12.1.2, 13.1.3.1). The calorimeter must fitsecurely in the insulating block and its surface must be flushTABLE 2 Human TissueATolerance to Second-Degree BurnExposureTime, sHeat Flux Total Heat CalorimeterBEquivalent,mVcal/cm2s W/cm2cal/cm2s W/cm2T, F T, C(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
38、1 1.2 5.0 1.20 5.0 16.0 8.9 0.462 0.73 3.1 1.46 6.1 19.5 10.8 0.573 0.55 2.3 1.65 6.9 22.0 12.2 0.634 0.45 1.9 1.80 7.5 24.0 13.3 0.695 0.38 1.6 1.90 8.0 25.3 14.1 0.726 0.34 1.4 2.04 8.5 27.2 15.1 0.787 0.30 1.3 2.10 8.8 28.0 15.5 0.808 0.274 1.15 2.19 9.2 29.2 16.2 0.839 0.252 1.06 2.27 9.5 30.2 1
39、6.8 0.8610 0.233 0.98 2.33 9.8 31.1 17.3 0.8911 0.219 0.92 2.41 10.1 32.1 17.8 0.9212 0.205 0.86 2.46 10.3 32.8 18.2 0.9413 0.194 0.81 2.52 10.6 33.6 18.7 0.9714 0.184 0.77 2.58 10.8 34.3 19.1 0.9915 0.177 0.74 2.66 11.1 35.4 19.7 1.0216 0.168 0.70 2.69 11.3 35.8 19.8 1.0317 0.160 0.67 2.72 11.4 36.
40、3 20.2 1.0418 0.154 0.64 2.77 11.6 37.0 20.6 1.0619 0.148 0.62 2.81 11.8 37.5 20.8 1.0820 0.143 0.60 2.86 12.0 38.1 21.1 1.1025 0.122 0.51 3.05 12.8 40.7 22.6 1.1730 0.107 0.45 3.21 13.4 42.8 23.8 1.23AStoll, A. M. and Chianta, M. A., “Method and Rating System for Evaluations of Thermal Protection,”
41、 Aerospace Medicine, Vol 40, 1969, pp. 12321238 and Stoll, A. M.and Chianta, M. A., “Heat Transfer through Fabrics as Related to Thermal Injury,” Transaction-New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 33, No. 7, 1971, pp. 649670.BA calorimeter with an iron/constantan thermocouple.FIG. 1 Thermal-Protective Pe
42、rformance Apparatus, Hot SurfaceContactF1060 183with the face of the insulating block. (WarningSurfacevariations may result in failure to achieve calibration with thereference standard.)6.5 Calibration SpecimenSix new, not previously testedsheets of ordinary newspaper with total thickness of 0.53 60
43、.05 mm (0.021 6 0.002 in.).6.6 RecorderAny strip chart recorder with full-scale de-flection of at least 150 C (300 F) or 10 mV and sufficientsensitivity and scale divisions to read sensor response to 1 C(62 F) or 60.05 mV. A chart speed to read exposure time to60.1 s is required; 13 mm/s (0.5 in./s)
44、 is satisfactory.7. Hazards7.1 Perform the test in a hood or a ventilated area to carryaway degradation products, smoke, and fumes. Exercise care toprevent contact with hot surfaces. Use protective gloves whenhandling hot objects. Have an appropriate portable fire extin-guisher nearby.8. Sampling8.1
45、 Lot SizeFor acceptance sampling purposes, a lot isdefined as a single shipment of a single style of fabric. A lotconstitutes all or part of a single customer order.8.2 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, takeat random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material spe
46、cification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier.8.3 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample, take fromthe outside of each roll in the lot sample a full-width swatch offabric1m(1yd)long after discarding a full-width length of atleast1m(1yd)from the very outside of each roll.9. Spe
47、cimen Preparation9.1 Cut and identify five test specimens from each swatch inthe laboratory sample. Make each test specimen 100 by 150 62mm(4by66116 in.) with two of the sides of the specimenparallel with the warp yarns in woven fabric samples, with thewales in knit fabric samples, or with the lengt
48、h of the fabric inbatts or sheet structure. Do not cut samples closer than 2 % ofthe fabric width from the selvage. Cut specimens from adiagonal zone across the sample swatch so as to get asrepresentative a sample of all yarns present as practical.9.2 Alternatively, cut test specimens from a finishe
49、d gar-ment. Cut specimens using the orientation indicated in 9.1. Testspecimen shall not include any seam.9.3 Bring the specimens to a controlled moisture content bypreconditioning in a 48.9 C (120 F) oven for 4 h and thenexposing to a standard atmosphere for testing textiles, that is,in air maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 2 % and at atemperature of 21 6 1 C (70 6 2 F) for at least 4 h. See theportion of the Terminology section of Practice D1776/D1776Mcontaining the definitions for “standard atmosphere for pr
