1、Designation: F1209 08F1209 14Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Ponds and Sloughs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assis
3、t in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic andsocioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill
4、response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is givenequal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods have failed.1.3 This is a general guide o
5、nly. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumedthat the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as use
6、d in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleumproducts. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers theuse of dis
7、persants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authoriti
8、es should be consulted as required by law.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityo
9、f the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit of Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This gui
10、de is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.4. Environment CoveredPonds and Sloughs4.1 Ponds and sloughs are small isolated water bodies that are not part of major w
11、ater systems. They have a dynamic ecology,and a wide mixture of animal and plant species. In northern regions, these water bodies may freeze to the bottom and do not sustaina wide variety of aquatic species.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil
12、Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2008March 1, 2014. Published March 2008March 2014. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 19992008 asF1209 89 (1999).F1209 08. DOI: 10.1520/F1209-08.10.1520/F12
13、09-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended o
14、nly to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current ver
15、sionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 While most of these bodies are naturally occurring and exist throughout the year, some may be man-m
16、ade. In arid climates,the existence of these bodies may be seasonal.4.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Open water area of less than 10 hectares,4.3.2 Shallow water with a maximum depth of 1 to 1.5 m,4.3.3 Soft bottom with a high organic content,4.3.4 May have alkaline or acidic
17、water,4.3.5 No well defined inlet or outlet, and4.3.6 Poorly defined shoreline consisting of floating mats of vegetation.5. Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquatic environments have been the subject of numerous studies. The studieshave involved both intentional experiment
18、al spills and studies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-6).35.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems andplankton (7-16).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodies are a variety of fauna and flora. The
19、 aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attached) and floating or submerged vascular plants. Terrestrial flora include grasses, moss, lichens, herbs, forbs,and woody plants.5.4 The fauna include invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans, worms), fish, a variety of waterfowl and seabirds (ducks, loons
20、,gulls, terns, and herons), mammals, such as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas, significant human activity. There have beensome studies on the effects of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures on fauna (17, 18). The distribution and composition of species is afunction of climate, local geography and so
21、il type, and human use of the area (19).5.5 Studies of the effects of oil on vegetation include laboratory work on the effects on willows, moss, lichen, black spruce, andsedge. These studies showed that the pouring of oil directly on the vegetation was lethal to willow and moss, and caused somenonpe
22、rmanent damage to the other species (20-29).5.6 Floating leaves are wetted and penetrated by oil from slicks while younger floating leaves whose cuticles are intact are moreresistant to penetration by oil. Penetration occurs most readily in areas where there is damage to the leaf caused by insects o
23、rmechanical abrasion.5.7 Oil is retained in areas of dense vegetation and is released slowly. Dispersants applied soon after a spill appear to speed themovement of the slick through the vegetation if there is some water movement. Only the oil that contacts the leaves causes somedamage. Leaves and st
24、ems that are subsurface are not damaged by the presence of oil. Oil slicks that are restricted to contact ofthe stem areas near the water surface are not very injurious.5.8 Field studies in northern environments have shown little long term effects of spilled oil. There have been few studies on theef
25、fects of dispersed oil in these environments.5.9 Although oil may cause extensive damage to vegetation growing in low-lying wetlands and shorelines of bog lakes, plantsthat grow from rhizomes or healthy portions of aerial tissue (sedge and willow) have a high recovery potential. Long-term damageto r
26、oot systems could, however, slow recovery of the vegetation in impacted areas. This may be of less importance in areas withan elevated water table (bog lakes).5.10 Laboratory studies of the foliar damage to moss, lichen, willow, blackspruce, and sedge by dispersants indicate somedamage, but this is
27、generally not lethal. Plants treated with dispersants recover in most cases. However, foliar damage may increasethe plants susceptibility to pathogens.5.11 Field studies on the effects of the direct spraying of plants with dispersants indicated that the short-term effect ofdispersants to individual
28、plants was less than that incurred through natural causes. No long term effects were found and seasonalgrowth was not affected.5.12 Studies of the effects of dispersants and dispersed oil on the microbiological community show that the characteristics ofthe dispersant are critical. The dispersant sho
29、uld have no residues or components toxic to microbes or microbial processes.6. General Considerations for Making Dispersant Use Decisions6.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as most others, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce the adverseeffects of spilled oil on certain
30、biological species at the expense of other components of the ecosystem.6.2 Guide F2532 should be followed before making a decision to use dispersants in a river or creek.3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.F1209 1426.3 In most cases, the mor
31、tality of individual creatures is of less concern than the destruction of habitat. The repopulation ofareas after the spill will occur naturally when an area becomes a suitable habitat for a given species.7. Recommendations7.1 Dispersant use in ponds and sloughs, and their bordering vegetation, shou
32、ld be considered if a spill poses a significant threatto indigenous wildlife or its habitat. In evaluating the potential for dispersant use, consideration should be given to the alternativesof leaving the oil untreated or the use of mechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, a spill response oper
33、ation can causeserious damage to a pond or slough habitat, or a disruption of nesting and breeding activities.8. Keywords8.1 dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwater; inland; oil spill; oil spill dispersants; ponds; sloughsREFERENCES(1) Miller, M. C., Vestal, J. R., Mozley, S., Butler, M.,
34、 and Hobbie, J. E., “Effects of Prudhoe Crude Oil Spills on Coastal Tundra Ponds,”Energy/Environment II. U.S. EPA-600/9-77-012, 1977, pp. 521529.(2) Brown, H. M., Goudey, J. S., Fogh, J. M., Cheng, S. K., Dale, M., Hoddinott, J., Quaife, L. R., and Westlake, D. W. S., “Dispersion of Spilled Oilin Fr
35、eshwater Systems: Field Trial of a Chemical Dispersant,” Oil and Chemical Pollution, Vol 6, 1990, pp.3754.(3) Nagy, E., Scott, B. F., and Hart, J., “The Fate of Oil and Oil-Dispersant Mixtures in Freshwater Ponds,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 35,No. 2, 1984, pp. 115133.(4) Scott, B. F., a
36、nd Glooschenko, V., “Impact of Oil and Oil-Dispersant Mixtures on Flora and Water Chemistry in Freshwater Ponds,” Science of theTotal Environment , Vol 35, No. 2, 1984, pp. 169190.(5) Scott, B. F., Nagy, E., Sherry, J. P., Dutka, B. J., Glooschenko, V., Snow, N. B., and Wade, P. J., “Ecological Effe
37、cts of Oil-Dispersant Mixtures inFresh Water,” Proceedings of 1979 Oil Spill Conference, Los Angeles, pp. 565571.(6) SnowDebruyn, N. B., and Scott, B. F., “The Effect and Fate of Crude Oil SpillA.M.H., Wernick, B.G., Stefura, C., Mcdonald, B.G., Rudolph, B.-L.,Patterson, L., Chapman, P.M. In situ ex
38、perimental assessment of lake whitefish development following a freshwater oil spill on Two Arctic Lakes,”(2007) Proceedings of 1975 Oil Spill ConferenceEnvironmental Science and Technology, San41 Francisco,(20), pp. 5276983534.-6989.(7) Bergstein, P. E., and Vestal, J. R., “Crude Oil Biodegradation
39、 in Arctic Tundra Ponds,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp. 158169.(8) Atlas, R. M., and Busdosh, M., “Microbial Degradation of Petroleum in the Arctic,” Proceedings of the Third International BiodegradationSymposium, Applied Science , eds. J. M. Sharpley and A. M. Kaplan, 1976, pp. 7985.(9) Breuil,
40、C., and Shindler, D. B., “Effects of Crude Oil on Bacterial and Fungal Populations in Fresh Water Artificial Ponds,” (Abstract), AnnualMeeting of American Society for Microbiology 77, 1977, p. 269.(10) Dutka, B. J., Sherry, J., Scott, B. F., and Kwan, K. K.,“ Effects of Oil-Dispersant Mixtures on Fr
41、esh Water Microbial Populations,” CanadianResearch , Vol 13, No. 5, 1980, pp. 5862.(11) Federle, T. W., Vestal, J. R., Hater, G. R., and Miller, M. C., “Effects of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil on Primary Production and Zooplankton in ArcticTundra Thaw Ponds,” Marine Environmental Research, Vol 2, No. 1, 19
42、79, pp. 318.(12) Miller, M. C., Alexander, V., and Barsdate, R. J., “The Effects of Oil Spills on Phytoplankton in an Arctic Lake and Ponds,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3,1978, pp. 192218.(13) Miller, M. C., Hater, G. R., and Vestal, J. R., “Effect of Prudhoe Crude Oil on Carbon Assimilation by Planktonic
43、Algae in an Arctic Pond,”Environmental Chemistry and Cycling Processes: Proceedings of a Symposium, April 28 to May 1,1976 , Augusta, GA.(14) Scott, B. F., and Shindler, D. B., “Impact of Crude Oil on Planktonic Freshwater Ecosystems,” Proceedings of the Conference on Assessment ofEcological Impacts
44、 of Oil Spills, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Arlington, VA, 1978, pp. 712734.(15) Shindler, D. B., Scott, B. F., and Carlisle, D. B., “Effect of Crude Oil on Populations of Bacteria and Algae in Artificial Ponds Subject to WinterWeather and Ice Formation,” Verhlug International Verein
45、Limnologie, Vol 19, No. 5, 1975, pp. 21382144.(16) Stanley, D. W., “Productivity of Epipelic Algae in Tundra Ponds and a Lake near Barrow, Alaska,” Ecology, Vol 57, No. 5, 1976, pp. 10151024.(17) Bhattacharyya, S., Klerks, P. L., Nyman, J. A., “Toxicity to Freshwater Organisms from Oils and Oil Spil
46、l Chemical Treatments in LaboratoryMicrocosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 122, No. 2, 1 April 2003, pp. 205215.(18) Klerks, P. L., Nyman, J. A., Bhattacharyya, S., “Relationship Between Hydrocarbon Measurements and Toxicity to a Chironomid, Fish Larva andF1209 143Daphnid for Oils and Oil Spill Ch
47、emical Treatments in Laboratory Freshwater Marsh Microcosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 129, No. 3, June2004, pp. 345353.(19) Mozley, S. C., and Butler, M. G., “Effects of Crude Oil on Aquatic Insects of Tundra Ponds,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp. 229240.(20) Blunden, D., Dale, M., Goudey, S.
48、, and Hoddinot, J.,“ The Effects of Oil Spill Chemicals on Shoreline Plants of Northern Freshwater Ecosystems,”Proceedings of the International Conference on Oil and Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology Technology, ed., J. H. Vandermeulen, Pergamon, pp.403409.(21) Barsdate, R. J., “Ecologic Changes in an
49、Arctic Tundra Pond Following Exposure to Crude Oil,” (Abstract only), Proceedings of the Symposiumon the Impact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities, 17 August 1972, Institute of Arctic Biology, University ofAlaska, 1973,p. 52.(22) Barsdate, R. J., Alexander, V., and Benoit, R. E., “Natural Oil Seeps at Cape Simpson, Alaska: Aquatic Effects,” Proceedings of the Symposium onImpact of Oil Resource Development on Northern Plant Communities, 17 August 1972, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, 1973, pp.9195.(23) Goudey, J. S.
