1、Designation: F1291 10Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body andthe environment. The
3、heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs andmaterials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,distribution of the fabric lay
4、ers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surfacearea for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors intoaccount. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used todetermine the thermal comfort or stre
5、ss of people in cold to comfortable environments (seeASHRAE 55-1992 and ISO 7730). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is more importantin environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation of sweat.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of
6、the insu-lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heatedmanikin to a relatively calm, cool environment.1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothingmeasurement on a standing manikin.1.1.2 The effects of body posit
7、ion and movement are notaddressed in this test method.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-ticular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmen-tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to airmovement.1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to ber
8、egarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units areshown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other.1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble canbe measured in accordance with T
9、est Method F2370.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations p
10、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1518 Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of TextileMaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-tance of Clothing Using a Sweati
11、ng Manikin2.2 ASHRAE Standards:3ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Environmental Conditions forHuman Occupancy2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal EnvironmentsDetermination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-cation of the Conditions for Thermal ComfortISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of the Thermal Env
12、ironmentEstimation of the Thermal Insulation and EvaporationResistance of a Clothing Ensemble1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.60 on Human Factors.Current edition approved
13、Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1291 - 05. DOI:10.1520/F1291-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
14、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd
15、 St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clo, nunit of thermal resistance defined as theinsulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at therat
16、e of 58 W/m2) comfortable in an environment at 21C, airmovement 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of a heavybusiness suit. Numerically, one clo is equal to 0.155 K m2/W.3.1.2 clothing ensemble, na group of garments worntogether on the body at the same time.3.1.3 thermal insulation, nthe resis
17、tance to dry heattransfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.3.1 Discussionthe following insulation values can bedetermined in this method using SI units:Ra= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.Rt= total thermal resistance (insulation)
18、of the clothingand surface air layer around the manikin.Rcl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the cloth-ing.When the measurements are expressed in clo units, the symbol I isused instead of R.Ia= thermal resistance (insulation) of the air layer on thesurface of the nude manikin.It= total
19、thermal resistance (insulation) of the clothingand surface air layer around the manikin.Icl= intrinsic thermal resistance (insulation) of the cloth-ing.Total insulation values are measured directly with a manikin. Theycan be used to compare different clothing ensembles as long as each testis conduct
20、ed using the same experimental procedures and test condi-tions. Intrinsic clothing insulation values are determined by subtractingthe air layer resistance around the clothed manikin from the totalinsulation value for the ensemble. Intrinsic clothing insulation valuesare used in several thermal comfo
21、rt and clothing standards (see 2.2 and2.3).4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe insulation provided by different clothing systems. Forexample, variations in the design and fabric used in componentgarments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering
22、,closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. Theinsulation values for ensembles can be used in models thatpredict the physiological responses of people in differentenvironmental conditions.4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothingis complex and dependent on the apparatu
23、s and techniquesused. It is not practical in a test method of this scope toestablish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-tures from the instructions in this test method have the potentialto lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-edge concerning the theory of h
24、eat transfer, temperature, andair motion measurement, and testing practices is needed toevaluate which departures from the instructions given in thistest method are significant. Standardization of the methodreduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technicalknowledge. Report any departures
25、with the results.4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units asstandard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are givenin Test Method D1518.5. Apparatus5.1 Manikin5A standing manikin shall be used that isformed in the shape and size of an adult male or female andheated to a cons
26、tant, average skin temperature.5.1.1 Size and ShapeThe manikin shall be constructed tosimulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist ofa head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferablywith fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, andfeet. Total surface area shal
27、l be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shallbe 170 6 10 cm. The manikins dimensions shall correspond tothose required for standard sizes of garments because devia-tions in fit will affect the results.5.1.2 Surface TemperatureThe manikin shall be con-structed so as to maintain a constant temperature distribut
28、ionover the nude body surface, with no local hot or cold spots. Themean skin temperature of the manikin shall be 35C. Localdeviations from the mean skin temperature shall not exceed60.3C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin shall beevaluated at least once annually using an infrared thermalima
29、ging system or equivalent method. This procedure shallalso be repeated after repairs or alterations are completed thatcould affect temperature uniformity, for example, replacementof a heating element.5.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsPower to the manikinshall be measured so as to give an average over t
30、he period ofa test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is used forpower control, then devices that are capable of averaging overthe control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hourmeters) are preferred over instantaneous devices (watt meters).Overall accuracy of the power monitor
31、ing equipment must bewithin 62 % of the reading for the average power for the testperiod. Since there are a variety of devices and techniques usedfor power measurement, no specified calibration proceduresshall be given. However, an appropriate power calibrationprocedure is to be developed and docume
32、nted.5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins SkinTemperatureThe mean skin temperature shall be measuredwith point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.5.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors shall be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. They shall
33、 be no more than 2 mm thick and shallbe well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface orpass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensortemperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the meanskin temperature for the
34、 body. A minimum of 15 point sensorsare required. At least one sensor shall be placed on the head,chest, back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right and left5Information on laboratories with thermal manikins can be obtained from theInstitute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manha
35、ttan, KS66506.F1291 102upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot. Thesesensors must be placed in the same position for each test, andthe placement of the sensors shall be given in the report.5.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sens
36、ors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures shall be area-weighted when calculating the meanskin temperature. Distributed sensors must be sm
37、all in diam-eter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to the manikinsurface at all points.5.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberThe manikinshall be placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m indimension that can provide uniform conditions, both spatiallyand temporally.5.4.1 Spatial Variat
38、ionsSpatial variations shall not exceedthe following: air temperature 61.0C, relative humidity65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition,the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0Cdifferent from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformityshall be verified at least
39、annually or after any significantmodifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shallbe verified by recording values for the conditions stated aboveat heights of 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m above the floor at thelocation occupied by the manikin. Sensing devices specifiedbelow shall be u
40、sed when measuring the environmental con-ditions.5.4.2 Temporal VariationsTemporal variations shall notexceed the following: air temperature 60.5C, mean radianttemperature 60.5C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min. (see5.4.5).5.4.3 Relative Humid
41、ity Measuring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are m
42、et.5.4.4 Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m from the manikin. If asingle
43、 sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. Ifmultiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal heightintervals and their readings averaged.5.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorAn omni-directional anemom-eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurementsshall be averaged for at least 1 mi
44、n at each location. If it isdemonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by morethan 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocityduring a test. The value of the mean air velocity must bereported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-ment location requirements are
45、 the same as for temperature.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 SamplingIt is desirable to test three identical en-sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only oneensemble is available (that is often the case with prototypegarments), replicate measurements can be made on one e
46、n-semble.6.2 Specimen Size and FitSelect the size of garments thatwill fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-facturer designed them to be worn on the human body duringtheir intended end use). For example, some knitted garmentsare designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others
47、 aredesigned to fit loosely to accommodate a wider range of bodydimensions or to allow other garments to be worn underneath.In a stationary manikin test, large air layers in the clothingsystem will contribute to a higher insulation value than smallair layers. Therefore, garments that do not have the
48、 appropriatefit on the manikin (that is, are too tight or too loose), will causeerrors in measurement.6.2.1 When manikin measurements are used to comparematerials used in certain garments, those garments must bemade from the same pattern so that design and fit variables areheld constant. In addition
49、, they must be tested with the samecompanion garments in the ensemble (for example, underwear,footwear, etc.).6.2.2 When manikin measurements are used to compare avariety of garments, the same size garments of a given typeshall be tested as indicated by the size label in the garments (forexample, large). However, if it is determined that the fit of agarment is inappropriate, another size may be used and statedin the report.6.3 Specimen PreparationGarments shall be tested in theas-received condition or after dry cleaning or laundering inaccordance with
