1、Designation: F1319 94 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance ofImages Produced from Business Copy Products(Crockmeter Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1319; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining
3、the amount of image transferred onto the surface of a whitecloth by rubbing.1.2 The test method can be employed to evaluate theabrasion and smudge resistance of business imaging productsproduced by impact printers, thermal transfer printers, andnon-impact printers or copiers.1.3 The test method can
4、be used to evaluate the amount ofmaterial removed from the sample (smudge or crock). Testingfocuses on determining the amount of material deposited on thecrockmeter cloth or redeposited in a new location on thesample. The test method can also be employed to measureperformance characteristics for a p
5、roduct. The user shouldselect test equipment which is appropriate for measuring theabrasion to the samples. Samples are tested before and afterrubbing and comparisons of results made. In this test methodproduct performance evaluations are optional.1.4 Other test methods employing the Sutherland rub
6、tester,Taber Abrader and Gavarti GA-C.A.T. can be employed toevaluate the smudge and abrasion characteristics. Results bythese units are not necessarily equivalent to those obtained withthe Crockmeter.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with it
7、s use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF360 Practice for Ima
8、ge Evaluation of Electrostatic BusinessCopiesF497 Practice for Use of the Electric and Electronic Type-writer as a Test InstrumentF1174 Practice for Using a Personal Computer Printer as aTest InstrumentF1175 Practice for Using the Computer Impact Print-OutUnit as a Test Instrument for Manifold Compa
9、rison2.2 ANSI Standards:3IT2.1795 Density Measurements-Geometric Conditions forReflection DensityPH2.18 Density Measurements-Special Conditions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3
10、.1.2 crockmaterial transferred by rubbing from an im-aged sample onto a cloth patch.3.1.3 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streakonto an adjacent area when rubbed. Smudge involves theredeposition of abraded material.3.1.4 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand smudging.1Thi
11、s test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approve
12、d in 2005 as F131994 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/F1319-94R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availab
13、le from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4thfloor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 General definitions related to electrostatic copying canbe found in Terminology F33
14、5.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used to evaluate the degree of imagetransfer (crock) from a solid imaged area to the surface of awhite, cotton cloth patch by linear rubbing. The degree ofimage transfer to the cloth is measured by reflectance opticaldensitometry or reflectometry. A
15、lternatively, the imaged busi-ness copy product can be evaluated for performance charac-teristics.5. Significance and Use5.1 The degree of image transferred by rubbing (crock)from a copy or printed image can be affected by various factorsincluding the type of machine, the condition of the machine,su
16、pplies employed, time since imaging (ribbons) and environ-mental conditions. As many as possible of these variablesshould be controlled during the test. A control sample withknown characteristics, if available, should be run along withthe test samples.5.2 The test is designed to simulate the type of
17、 damageresulting from paper rubbing against the printed image.5.3 The test method can be used for control of productquality as well as a research and development tool.5.4 The method is adaptable to images produced from mosttypes of impact and non-impact printers and copiers.5.5 Two different printer
18、s employing the same technologymay yield prints with variations in optical densities. It may bepossible to remove more toner or ink from the darker image yetthe performance of the smudged image may be satisfactory.Anoptional evaluation procedure is available whereby the func-tional properties of the
19、 smudged or abraded image is examinedif this is of primary concern.6. Interferences6.1 The crock (or smudge) resistance of large, solid filledareas may be different than the crock resistance of smaller printareas and lines such as normally encountered in text and linegraphics printing.6.2 Certain ar
20、eas on a copy or print may be more sensitiveto image damage or removal than others. This is dependentupon certain machine design characteristics which vary fromone machine model to another.6.3 Resistance to abrasive damage of images can also varyas a function of the sequential position of a given pr
21、int or copyin a series of prints or copies. For example, the image abrasionresistance of the third copy of a run of 20 copies on a givenmachine may be different from that of the fifteenth copy of thatsame run.6.4 Variations in the optical densities of the test samples canaffect the crock results. Fo
22、r best results, the range in opticaldensities of the samples should be limited to 0.2.6.5 The fusing temperature of the laser printer, copier orother toner-based unit will affect the degree of abrasion andsmudge resistance. If the temperature is low, the toner will beincompletely fused to the substr
23、ate and will be easily removed.6.6 If the temperature of the head on a thermal transferprinter is low, the image will be incompletely affixed to thesubstrate. The image will be easily abraded or smudged.7. Apparatus7.1 Rub Tester modified with an aluminum sliding arm inplace of the original steel ar
24、m (see Fig. 1). The mass of the armis approximately 450 g (65 %) and has the same dimensions asthe original. The weight of the finger onto the test material isapproximately 300 g (65 %).7.2 Test Cloth, 80 by 84 fibers/in.2combed cotton, desized,bleached with no optical brightener or finishing materi
25、alpresent.7.3 Densitometer or reflectometer with calibration platemeeting the requirements for daytime luminous reflectance ofANSI IT2.1795 and PH2.18. A 2 to 4 mm aperture isrecommended.7.4 Abrasive paper, 400 grit, waterproof silicon carbide orequivalent to prevent slippage of test specimen during
26、 test.7.5 OptionalOther test equipment which measures spe-cific performance characteristics such as MICR testers, OCRreaders and bar code verifiers.8. Materials8.1 Test Samples for Copiers or Printers Which Can Oper-ate as Copiers:8.1.1 The target should contain a section which will providea solid i
27、mage of dimensions 512 by12 in. (14.0 by 1.3 cm),minimum. The target should be prepared according to PracticeF360. The maximum test sample image optical density may notbe produced by some copiers unless the optical density of thetest target is at least 1.6.FIG. 1 CrockmeterF1319 94 (2011)28.1.2 Gene
28、rate the required number of test samples accord-ing to the procedures in Practice F360.8.2 Test Samples From Printers Which Cannot Operate asCopiers:8.2.1 Prepare the test sample to contain a solid section withminimum dimensions of 512 by12 in. (14.0 by 1.3 cm). If theprinter is unable to prepare th
29、is type of sample, any printedregion which is representative of the printer and imaging mediacan be substituted. All test samples for evaluation shouldcontain equivalent images.8.2.2 Generate the required number of test samples inaccordance with the appropriate Practice (F497, F1174,orF1175) for the
30、 printer being tested.9. Procedure9.1Cuta4by6in.(10.2 by 15.2 cm) piece of abrasivepaper and tape it, abrasive side up, to the rub tester as shownin Fig. 1.9.2 Cut a 3.5 by 5.5 in. (8.9 by 14.0 cm) specimen from thetest print which includes the solid imaged area running in thelong direction.9.3 Plac
31、e the specimen on the base of the tester, image sideup, so that the specimen rests flat on the abrasive paper.Position the specimen with the long dimension in the directionof rubbing and the Crockmeter finger centered on the solid areato be smudged.9.4 Mount two 2 by 2 in. (5.1 by 5.1 cm) squares of
32、 whitetesting cloth over the end of the finger which projects from thesliding arm. Position the weave of the cloth obliquely to thedirection of the rubbing. Secure the cloth with a spiral wire clipsupplied by the manufacturer.9.5 Adjust the counter for five revolutions and lower thecovered finger on
33、to the specimen.9.6 Turn on the instrument while holding the specimen inplace by hand. The finger will slide back and forth five timesover the imaged area.9.7 Lift the arm from the sample and remove the top testcloth square. Measure the optical density or reflectance of thediscolored area with a den
34、sitometer or reflectometer calibratedand operating according to the manufacturers instructions. Aminimum of five readings is recommended. Additional read-ings may be taken to improve statistical significance. The sizeof the aperture must be smaller than the size of the spot to bemeasured. The prefer
35、red aperture size is 2 to 4 mm.9.8 Repeat the procedure in steps 9.2 to 9.7 on fouradditional samples employing a fresh test cloth square eachtime.9.9 Utilizing the densitometer or reflectometer, measure thedensity or reflectance of a fresh cloth sample.9.10 OptionalThe optical density or reflectanc
36、e of thesample can be measured and compared to similar measure-ments taken prior to smudging. Other test equipment, operatedaccording to manufacturers directions, can be employed toevaluate the functional performance of the printed sample. Forexample, a bar code verifier can be used to evaluate a ba
37、r code.Or a MICR test unit can be used to examine the scannability ofMICR images.10. Calculation and Report10.1 Calculate and report the average value and standarddeviation obtained from the five test samples. When calculat-ing the crock density, the density value for the fresh sample(see 9.9) can b
38、e subtracted from the average sample density. Ifreflectometer readings have been measured, report the twoaverage values: crock sample and unused cloth sample.10.2 OptionalCalculate and report the average value andstandard deviation of the density, reflectance or other testresults obtained in 9.10.11
39、. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision:11.1.1 The results are reproducible for one laboratory andone set of test samples. The results may not be comparablebetween laboratories. A reproducible ranking order may beestablished.11.1.2 A repeatability study of this test method was con-ducted by one operator
40、on one unit covering several days. Thesamples represented copies from several electrostatic copyingprocesses including liquid toner and color. The test pattern oneach material consisted of a solid bar approximately 0.5 by 4.5in., oriented in the machine direction or the cross direction tothe paper.
41、Five readings were taken on each crock cloth, andfive samples were tested for each bar on each material. Thedensity readings ranged from 0.094 to 0.536 with an average of0.153. The average standard deviation was 0.025 with a rangefrom 0.07 to 0.059. The standard deviation was linearlyproportional to
42、 the average density value with a correlationcoefficient (r) of 0.84. The average coefficient of variation was11.9% (range 5.8 to 16.8%).11.2 BiasBias cannot be determined as there are nostandard materials.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; copying; Crockmeter; impactprinters; inked ribbons; MICR
43、; non-impact printers; OCR;smudge resistance; thermal transfer ribbons; toner imagesF1319 94 (2011)3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. OIL RESISTANCEX1.1 This method may be adapted to study the oil resistanceof toner-based images by using suitable materials whichsimulate human skin oils. Detailed
44、 instructions on how toconduct such a test are left to the individual user of thismethod.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination o
45、f the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
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47、ents have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or
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