1、Designation: F1351 96 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forDetermination of the Effect of Hard Creasing Paper onImages Produced by Business Imaging Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1351; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for hard creasingpaper in a uniform a
3、nd reproducible manner.1.2 The crease is positioned across the image and theamount of image degradion is determined.1.3 The effect of creasing on the paper surface can also bedetermined.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathe
4、maticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
5、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD5039 Test Methods for Ide
6、ntification of Wire Side of Paper(Withdrawn 2009)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hard-creasepaper folded 180 (back to back, face toface, long grain, short grain) with a uniform force applied tothe fold.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a mechanical device that makesit possible t
7、o uniformly hard-crease samples of paper so thatcomparative tests may be performed on the samples. Compari-son may be made with a control sample.4.2 This practice also provides a means of locating thecrease over a line of copy.4.3 The image may be produced by any of the severalbusiness imaging syste
8、ms including copiers, printers,typewriters, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 As a comparative test, this practice can be used todetermine the damage caused by creasing paper, that is,damage to paper, coatings or images affixed to the paper andthe loss of image quality and legibility that can result fr
9、omcreasing.6. Interference6.1 The accuracy with which the crease is located on thepaper, that is, over an image area, is dependent on operator skilland the consistency with which the samples are prepared.6.2 Sample to sample variations in caliper, moisture content,grain direction, etc., influence th
10、e damage caused by creasing.6.3 Similarly, using imaged paper samples, the imagingmaterial, the method of application, aging, as well as thesubstrate, may influence crease damage and the subsequentloss of image legibility.6.4 This practice is useful for papers of basis weightsnormally used for offic
11、e correspondence. Heavy weight or stiffpapers may need special handling at the discretion of theperson conducting the test.7. Apparatus7.1 Fixture, hard-crease, see Fig. 1.7.2 Paper Cutting Board.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the di
12、rect responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1351 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/F1351-96R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
13、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International
14、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States18. Procedure8.1 Because the moisture content of paper effects thecreasability of paper, conduct the test in a room conditionedaccording to Practice D685. If such a room is not available,conduct the tests in a room
15、with a stable temperature andhumidity.8.2 Test specimens are any imaged paper produced by abusiness imaging system such as copiers, printers, typewriters,etc. Position the image so that it will be creased in the mannerthat will simulate end use.8.3 Cut four sheets from each sample of paper to be tes
16、ted,all with dimensions 812 by 812 in. (216 by 216 mm) in themachine direction and then cut four in the cross direction.Identify machine direction (duplicate sets of each grain direc-tion). Small images require cutting so as to locate the image oncrease.8.4 Determine and identify the “front,” “back,
17、” imaged,unimaged, wire, or felt side and grain direction of control andthe sample sheets using Test Methods D528 and D5039.8.5 Condition the sheets for a minimum of 24 h in the testroom.8.6 Conduct duplicate tests in each direction and on eachside of the sheet.8.7 Bend, but do not fold, the test pi
18、ece so that the creasewill be parallel to the machine direction and the image will faceinward.8.8 With moderate speed (approximately 1 ft/s) (3 m/s) rollthe 2 kg weight so that it creases the paper. See Appendix.Place the image so as to be within the crease.8.9 Repeat test with duplicate test piece.
19、8.10 Bend sample as in 8.7 but with the image outward andrepeat 8.8 and 8.9.8.11 Repeat 8.7 through 8.10 with the test piece positionedso that the crease is perpendicular to the machine direction.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 Compare samples and control sheets that have beenhard-creased front to f
20、ront, back to back, in the machinedirection and the cross direction.9.2 Comparisons can be made by visual observation, report-ing the damage done by hard-creasing to coatings, images orsubstrate. A hand lens of approximately 10 may be used toaid in the examination. It may be appropriate to rub the i
21、mageto determine if it has been loosened. Bar code, OCR, or MICRreaders can be used in special cases.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 The nature of the image or paper degradion and aranking order established when two or more samples are tested.11. Keywords11.1 image permanence-
22、creasing; paper damage-creasingFIG. 1 Hard-Crease FixtureF1351 96 (2013)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.X1.1 The speed of a brass roller of approximately 1 ft/s(0.30 m/s) can be obtained using an inclined plane in thefollowing manner:X1.1.1 A 2 kg brass weight size 212 in. (6.35 mm) diameterby
23、 234 in. (6.99 mm) height.X1.1.2 An inclined plane such as a piece of aluminum orsteel plate with a pitch of 2 in. (5.08 mm) per 38 in. (96.52mm).X1.2 From a standing start, the weight will pass from marks1212 to 2438 in. (31.8 to 61.9 mm) from the starting point(approximately 1 ft (0.30 m) in appro
24、ximately 1 s.X1.3 Thus if the bent sample is placed on the inclined planeapproximately 1212 in. (31.8 mm) from the starting point andthe weight is allowed to roll freely, it will crease the specimenat a speed of approximately 1 ft/s (0.30 m/s) as recommendedin 8.7.ASTM International takes no positio
25、n respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
26、This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM I
27、nternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address sho
28、wn below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1351 96 (2013)3
