1、Designation: F 1362 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forShear Strength and Shear Modulus of Aerospace GlazingInterlayer Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shearstrength and shear modulus of interl
3、ayer materials that arerestrained by relatively high modulus plies in laminatedtransparencies. This test method can be used with single ormultiple plies of the same interlayer materials.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information
4、 only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refere
5、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingE 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 229 Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulusof Structural Adhesives3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision
6、 of a Test MethodF 734 Practice for Shear Strength of Fusion-Bonded Poly-carbonate Aerospace Glazing Material3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 adherendrelatively higher modulus plies that re-strain interlayer materials.3.1.2 shear modulusthe ratio of the shear stress to thecorresponding shear stra
7、in for the initial straight-line portion ofthe curve.3.1.3 shear strengththe maximum shear stress existing inthe interlayer prior to failure. Represents the shear strength ofthe system either as a cohesive or adhesive failure mode.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Torsional shear forces are applied to th
8、e interlayerthrough a circular section that produces a peripherally uniformstress distribution. The maximum stress in the interlayer atfailure represents the apparent shear strength of the interlayer.By measuring the interlayer strain as a function of load, astress-strain curve can be established. T
9、he test specimen shouldbe made from the same materials that are to be used inproduction, and production processes should be used whenapplicable. It is also possible to fabricate specimens from thefinished/formed transparency.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic material properties obtained from this
10、 testmethod can be used in the control of the quality of interlayers,in the theoretical equations for designing laminated transpar-encies, and in the evaluation of new interlayers.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachinesMachines used for shear testingshall conform with the requirements of Practices E 4. The
11、 loadsused in determining shear strength shall be within the loadingrange of the testing machine as defined in Practices E 4.6.2 Torsional Shear ApparatusThe torsional shear jigshould apply a torsional shear load to the specimen withoutinducing bending, peeling, or transverse shear stresses in thete
12、st section. Loading can be accomplished with torsion-testequipment or by means of a jig that can be used in a universaltesting machine. A jig is shown in Fig. 1 (see Practice F 734)and Figs. 2 and 3 show the adaptations required for the variousspecimens. Adequate precautions should be taken to ensur
13、e aminimum of frictional loss of torque (as by careful bearingdesign) or to provide a direct measurement of the appliedtorque (as by a load cell), or both, and to prevent theapplication of axial forces. Also, take care to take up the slackin the system prior to the start of each test.1This test meth
14、od is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 onAerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 onTransparent Enclosures and Materials.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1997
15、 as F 1362 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
16、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3 Measurement of Angular DisplacementSince theshear strains of an interlayer will normally be very large, theangular displacement should be measured using an angulardisplacement transducer. This transducer can be either
17、 internalto the torsion-test machine or attached to the jig.7. Test Specimens7.1 The specimen shall consist of laminated transparencymaterial machined in such a way as to produce an annular testring. The laminated transparency material can be either flat orcurved, and typical of the materials used i
18、n production whereapplicable. Take adequate precautions to ensure test specimenuniformity.7.2 Determine the interlayer thickness within an accuracy of5 %. This can be determined by subtracting the thickness of thestructural plies from the total thickness, except when all pliesare not loaded (see Fig
19、. 3, Type II).7.3 Specimens are to be fabricated using one of the threespecimen geometries shown in Figs. 4-6. The test specimengeometry should be selected to maximize the accuracy of theresults within the guidelines. Types 1 and 2 specimens aresmaller and can be used to test curved materials. The t
20、ype 3specimens are to be used in the testing of flat material wherelarger specimen sizes are desirable.7.4 Other specimens not conforming to 7.3 can be sized inaccordance with the capability of the test machine in order toensure failure of the specimen; this can be either a loadlimitation or displac
21、ement limitation. Generally, for flat mate-rial, the larger the specimen size the greater the consistency andaccuracy of the test results. Test specimens removed from acurved sheet should be sized to limit the effects of curvature.Guidelines are provided in Table 1.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition the t
22、est specimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618unless otherwise specified.9. Procedure9.1 Measurement of SpecimensMeasure the loading fix-turing and specimens to ensure concentricity and conform
23、anceto the dimensional tolerances.9.2 Load and DeflectionMake simultaneous measure-ments of load (torque) and deflection and record the data. Takecare to correct for jig deflections if any occur.9.3 Speed of TestingLoad the specimen so as to producefailure in 2 to 5 min for static properties. This t
24、est method isvalid for high strain rate testing conducted using a constantdisplacement rate.9.4 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity unless otherwise specified.FIG. 1 Torsional Shear Test Fixture (See Fig. 1, Practi
25、ce F 734).FIG. 2 Adapters Required for Testing Type I and Type IISpecimensF 1362 97 (2003)210. Calculation (Test Method E 229)10.1 Shear StrengthCalculate the shear strength (tmax)asfollows (see Table 1):tmax5 Tr/Ip(1)where:Ip= p(ro r14)/2, polar moment of inertia, m4(in.4),T = applied torque at fai
26、lure, Nm (lbfin.),r = radius to midpoint of interlayer ring as measured,m (in.),ro= radius to outside of interlayer ring as measured, m(in.),r1= radius to inside of interlayer ring, m (in.), andtmax= maximum shear stress or shear strength of theinterlayer, Pa (psi).10.2 Interlayer Circumferential Di
27、splacementCalculatethe interlayer deformation (Db) as follows:Db5D2Dr(2)FIG. 3 Adapter Required for Testing the Type III SpecimenNOTEDimension a can be varied to test singular or multiple interlayermaterial depending on requirements.FIG. 4 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type INOTE 1Annular interlaye
28、r test section required.NOTE 2Dimension a can be varied to test a specific interlayer or acombination of interlayers depending on requirements (specimen shownto test interlayers t1and t2).FIG. 5 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type IIF 1362 97 (2003)3where:D = deformation of interlaminar and adherend
29、 ring (orrings) as measured, m (in.),Dr= ttr/Gr= deformation of interlaminar adherend ring, m(in.),t = shear stress corresponding to deformation (D) mea-surement, Pa (psi),tr= total thickness of interlaminar adherend ring or rings,m (in.), andGr= shear modulus of interlayer adherend ring, Pa (psi).1
30、0.3 Shear Modulus (Note 1)Determine the shear modu-lus of the interlayer by means of fitting graphically a straightline through the initial portion of the previously obtainedtorque versus displacement curve. From this line read thedeviation increment corresponding to a given shear incrementand subst
31、itute in the following equation:Gb5 dTrtb/IpdDb! (3)where:Gb= shear modulus of the interlayer, Pa (psi),dT = increment of torque, (T1 T2),Nm(lbf in.),d(Db) = increment of shear deformation corresponding tothe torque increment, (Db)1(Db)2, m (in.), andtb= total thickness of the tested interlayer, m (
32、in.).NOTE 1For non-Hookian material, this is an apparent initial modulus.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Description of the test apparatus,11.1.2 Description of test specimen geometry,11.1.3 Description of the interlayer tested and adherendplies including material type, grade,
33、 manufacturer, previoushistory, and so forth,11.1.4 Number of specimens tested (five shall be consideredminimum),11.1.5 Displacement rate, test temperature, and relativehumidity if other than specified,11.1.6 Typical load-displacement curves with an indicationof the location at which the modulus was
34、 measured,11.1.7 Average value and standard deviation of shearstrength and shear modulus, and11.1.8 Description of failure mode (adhesive or cohesive) orpercentage of the combined failure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 An interlaboratory study (ILS) is currently being con-ducted to determine Precision a
35、nd Bias of this Test Method.The ILS is following Practice E 691, with seven laboratoriesparticipating. A full Precision and Bias Statement will be madeat the conclusion of this study.12.2 ILS results from one laboratory, which has completeda portion of its testing, are shown in Tables 2 and 3.12.3 T
36、he data shown in Table 2 do not provide rigorousrepeatability statistics (within-laboratory precision). They pro-vide an indication of the repeatability achieved by a singlelaboratory, and therefore provide a qualitative measure of therepeatability of the test method.12.4 A similar qualitative deter
37、mination of reproducibility(between laboratory precision) cannot be made using thesedata.13. Keywords13.1 interlayer; plies; shear modulus; shear strength; shearstress; torsional shearNOTE 1Dimensions a and b (depth of annular grooves) can be variedto test a specific interlayer or a combination of i
38、nterlayers (specimenshown to test interlayers t1,t2and t3).NOTE 2Hidden lines for loading pin hole omitted in section forclarity.FIG. 6 Torsional Shear Test Specimen, Type IIITABLE 1 Specimen Choice GuidelinesSpecimenTypeGuidelinesMaximumA%Error onFlat MaterialType I (Fig. 2) Can be used on flat or
39、curved materialwhere the radius of curvature isgreater than 12 in. (305 mm)16.9Type II (Fig. 3) Can be used on flat or curved materialwhere the radius of curvature isgreater than 24 in. (610 mm)11.3Type III (Fig. 4) Can be used on flat material and willyield the most accurate results5.6AThe followin
40、g equation was used to estimate maximum error on shearstrength.4 b32 a3!b3 b42 a4!where:a = inside diameter, andb = outside diameter.F 1362 97 (2003)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. User
41、s of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every
42、five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technica
43、l committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
44、 PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 Test Results for 2-inch
45、 Torsional Shear SamplesPanel # Sample #Max ShearStress MPa (psi)Initial Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Final Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Failure Type1 1 9.101 (1320) 0.5074 (73.59) 7.060 (1024) Adhesive1 2 6.546 (949.4) 0.5370 (77.88) 3.690 (535.1) Adhesive1 3 9.115 (1322) 0.4844 (70.26) 7.550 (1095) Adhesive1 4
46、7.743 (1123) 0.5844 (84.76) 7.033 (1020) Adhesive1 5 6.856 (994.4) 0.5395 (78.25) 3.000 (435.1) AdhesiveMean 7.874 (1142) 0.5306 (76.95) 5.667 (821.8)Std. 1.211 (175.5) 0.0377 (5.468) 2.144 (310.9)3 1 10.25 (1486) 0.5782 (83.86) 7.881 (1143) Adhesive3 2 9.901 (1436) 0.5989 (86.82) 7.329 (1063) Adhes
47、ive3 3 9.432 (1368) 0.5732 (83.13) 7.950 (1153) Adhesive3 4 9.115 (1322) 0.5426 (78.70) 6.891 (999.4) Adhesive3 5 11.16 (1618) 0.5843 (84.74) 7.612 (1104) Adhesive3 6 9.956 (1444) 0.5837 (84.65) 6.923 (1004) AdhesiveMean 9.970 (1446) 0.5768 (83.65) 7.433 (1078)Std. 0.7081 (102.7) 0.01878 (2.722) 0.4
48、616 (66.94)TABLE 3 Test Results for 1-inch Torsional Shear SamplesPanel # Sample #Max ShearStress MPa (psi)Initial Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Final Shear ModulusMPa (psi)Failure Type1 1 7.529 (1092) 0.4322 (62.69) 5.354 (776.5) Cohesive1 2 7.378 (1070) 0.4375 (63.45) 5.096 (739.1) Cohesive1 3 5.953 (863.
49、4) 0.4298 (62.33) 2.844 (412.5) Cohesive1 4 7.757 (1125) 0.4136 (59.98) 5.461 (792.0) Cohesive1 5 7.626 (1106) 0.4447 (64.50) 5.150 (746.9) Cohesive1 6 6.618 (959.8) 0.4603 (66.76) 4.698 (681.3) AdhesiveMeanA7.247 (1051) 0.4316 (62.59) 4.781 (693.4)Std.A0.7371 (106.9) 0.0116 (1.678) 1.093 (158.5)3 1 8.177 (1186) 0.4139 (60.03) 6.159 (893.2) Cohesive3 2 9.901 (1436) 0.4339 (62.93) 7.274 (1055) Cohesive3 3 9.784 (1419) 0.4151 (60.21) 9.060 (1314) Cohesive3 4 8.943 (1297) 0.4098 (59.44) 6.770 (981.8) Cohesive3 5 9.308 (1350) 0.4203 (60.95) 7.460
