1、Designation: F 1407 99a (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forResistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials toLiquid PermeationPermeation Cup Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemic
3、als can be exposed tonumerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleteriouseffects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronicdegenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may n
4、oteliminate all possible exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skincontact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothingmat
5、erials to permeation by liquid chemicals. Permeation testing by a more sophisticated procedure andpenetration testing are addressed by separate methods: Test Methods F 739 and F 903, respectively.Test Methods for measuring the effects of chemicals on the physical properties of rubbers, plastics, and
6、coated fabrics may be found in Test Method D 471, Test Method D 543, and Test Methods D 751,respectively. Guide F 1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of aspecimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact witha li
7、quid.1.1.1 Procedure AFor use when a value for the cumula-tive amount of chemical permeated in1hisdesired.1.1.2 Procedure BFor use when breakthrough detectiontime and permeation rate values are desired.1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the testchemical on the clothing material can be
8、determined bycomparing the weight or other physical properties of thespecimen before and after the permeation test.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
9、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistanc
10、e of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsF 739 Test Method for Resistance of Protective ClothingMaterials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Under Con-ditions of Continuous ContactF 903 Test Method for Resistance of Mate
11、rials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF 1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothing Materials2.2 Federal Standard:No. 191, Method 5030.2 Measurement of the Thickness ofMaterials31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtect
12、ive Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.30 onChemicals.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1407 - 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
13、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1C
14、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cumulative permeation, nthe total mass of chemicalthat permeates during a specified time from when the materialis first contacted.3.1.2 degradation, na
15、 deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.3 penetration, nin a protective clothing material oritem, the process by which a solid, liquid, or gas movesthrough closures, seams, interstices, and pinholes or otherimperfections on a non-molecular level.3.1.4 permeation, nthe process
16、by which a chemicalmoves through a protective clothing material on a molecularlevel.3.1.4.1 DiscussionPermeation involves the following: (1)sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacted(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of thesorbed molecules in the material, and (3)
17、desorption of themolecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of thematerial.3.1.5 steady-state permeation rate, na constant rate ofpermeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forcesaffecting permeation have reached equilibrium.3.1.6 test chemical, nthe liquid that is used to challen
18、gethe protective clothing material specimen.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe liquid can be either one compo-nent (that is, a neat liquid) or have several components (that is,a mixture).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard:3.2.1 breakthrough detection time, nthe elapsed timemeasured from the start
19、 of the test to the weighing timeimmediately preceding the weighing time at which permeationis indicated.3.2.2 protective clothing material, nany material or com-bination of materials used in an item of clothing for the purposeof isolating parts of the body from a potential hazard.3.2.2.1 Discussion
20、In this test method the particular haz-ard is permeation of a hazardous chemical.3.2.3 time interval, nthe time between weighings of thepermeation cup.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material topermeation by a test chemical is assessed by measuring thecumulative
21、permeation, breakthrough detection time, and per-meation rate through replicate specimens of the material.4.2 A clothing material specimen is secured over the mouthof a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normallyoutside surface of the material faces the chemical; the otherside is open to
22、the atmosphere. See Fig. 1.4.3 The cup assembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighedat predetermined time intervals to determine the amount ofchemical that permeates the material and subsequently evapo-rates to the atmosphere.4.4 Based on the amount of chemical lost from the cupduring the exposure pe
23、riod, the breakthrough detection time,permeation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeatingthe clothing material are calculated.4.5 Detection of permeation requires sufficient volatility ofthe test chemical, and the appropriate combination of analyticalbalance and weighing interval.4.5.1 See S
24、ection 10 for volatility test.4.5.2 The likelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased and (2)the time between weighings and the length of the test areincreased.4.6 In extreme cases the chemical could so severely degradethe clothing material
25、 that the chemical will drip or otherwiseflow from the inverted cup.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure forrapidly (in1horless) determining the chemical resistance ofspecimens of protective clothing materials. This test methodcan be used to rank materials as
26、to their suitability for use withliquids of known or unknown composition.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, orcumulative permeation can be used to identify protectiveclothing materials that are more likely to limit potentialexposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection tim
27、esand lower cumulative amounts permeated and permeation ratesare characteristics of materials that are better barriers to the testchemical.5.3 In general this test method is less sensitive than TestMethod F 739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. Incases where the chemical of concern is hi
28、ghly toxic and contactof even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimentalto health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. UseTest Method F 739.5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemicalmust evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur andpermeation to be detected. Cons
29、equently, the test method maynot be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is,vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this testmethod is not applicable has not been determined.5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described inSection 10.5.5 The results of this test meth
30、od are highly dependent onthe test temperature. If the objective is to compare differentclothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the sametemperature (63C).NOTEDimensions in centimetres.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation CupF 1407 99a (2006)26. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thic
31、kness tothe nearest 0.02 mm 0.001 in., as specified in Fed. Std. No.191, Method 5030.2, shall be used to determine the thicknessof each material specimen tested.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to at least61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of thepermeation cup. The cap
32、acity of the balance should be at least50 g more than the weight of an empty permeation cup.6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed ofmetal (aluminum is recommended) and is composed of the cup,O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum isrecommended), and six fasteners (stain
33、less steel is recom-mended) for securing the retaining ring to the cup. The circularopening in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm,corresponding to an area of 47.8 cm2.6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in theconstruction of the permeation cup. Such materials may bedesira
34、ble for tests involving chemicals which are incompatiblewith aluminum (for example, acids).6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to thepermeation cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used successfully as acoating.6.3.3 In place of
35、the O-ring, either the cup or the retainingring may be machined such that a seal is achieved when theretaining ring is fastened to the cup.6.3.4 The volume available for the test liquid is approxi-mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is notrequired nor recommended for performing the test.6
36、.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to the cup.6.5 Lubricant, to prevent galling between the fasteners andthe cup.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Before carrying out this test method, safety precautionsrecommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemicalshould be identified and reviewed t
37、o provide full protection toall personnel.7.1.1 For carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and othertoxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolated,well-ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnelshould be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing andequipment.7.1.2 For
38、corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in-volved personnel should, as a minimum, be outfitted withprotective clothing and equipment.7.2 Provisions should be made for handling spills of the testchemical or splashes to the eyes or skin.7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicalsshoul
39、d be followed.7.4 The test should be performed in a laboratory fume hoodor outdoors.NOTE 1In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,it may be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from aircurrents.8. Test Specimen8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may cons
40、ist ofeither a single layer or a composite of multiple layers that isrepresentative of an actual protective clothing constructionwith all layers arranged in proper order. In each test, thespecimens normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-cal.8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article o
41、f protectiveclothing, different materials or thicknesses of materials arespecified at different locations, specimens from each locationshall be tested.8.1.2 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containingsuch seams shall be tested. C
42、are must be taken to ensure thatthe permeation cup can be properly sealed when specimens ofnonuniform thickness are tested.8.2 Each material specimen shall have a diameter at least 5mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealingmechanism.8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be teste
43、d for eachmaterial, composite, area (in the case of a heterogeneousdesign), or other condition. Random specimens may be gener-ated as described in Practice E 105.9. Conditioning9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.10. Volatility Test10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chem
44、icaldiffusion to and evaporation from the surface of the clothingspecimen that faces the air. If the volatility of the chemical istoo low, the diffusing chemical will not evaporate from thissurface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In theextreme case, there might be no weight loss even
45、 thoughchemical has diffused through the specimen.10.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-ity of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-tion.10.4 To determine whether the volatility of the test chemicalis sufficient
46、for the permeation cup method to be applicable,use the following test:10.4.1 Place about 20 g of the test chemical into the cup.10.4.2 Place the cup (uncovered) on the balance, beingcareful not to spill the chemical.10.4.3 Record the weight of the cup.10.4.4 Leave the cup on the balance for the shor
47、test weigh-ing time interval that will be used during the test. The shortesttime interval may be the entire duration of the test if cumula-tive weight loss is the test objective (see Procedure A).10.4.5 At the end of the period, record the weight of the cup.If the weight loss is 10 mg, then the chem
48、ical has sufficientvolatility for the permeation cup test to be performed.10.4.5.1 Because volatility is dependent on temperature andthe detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitivity ofthe balance, it may be necessary to rerun the volatility test eachtime any one of these parameters is ch
49、anged.10.4.5.2 If no evaporation is detected, consider lengtheningthe minimum time interval and rerunning the volatility test.F 1407 99a (2006)3NOTE 2When the test liquid is a mixture, weight loss during thevolatility test may be due to the evaporation of a component that may notpermeate the clothing specimen.11. Procedure A: Cumulative Permeation11.1 Cut the test specimen from the clothing material asdescribed in 8.2. Smaller sizes will result in leaking; largersizes will hinder sealing the cup.11.2 Measure the thickness of the specimen to the nearest0.02 mm
