1、Designation: F 1434 97 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Practice forEstimating the Performance of a Fuser Oil in anElectrostatic Copier or Printer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating theperformance of fuser oil in an electr
3、ostatic copier or printer.1.2 This practice describes a procedure for determiningfuser oil-related changes in the print quality measured duringtesting at specific intervals.1.3 Properties evaluated for all systems include odor emis-sion, paper jam rate, paper wrap rate, paper crinkle rate, andfuser
4、roller life.1.4 Properties evaluated for recirculating systems includechanges in viscosity, volatile matter content, and surfacetension.1.5 This practice describes a procedure for comparing theperformance of a subject fuser oil with that of a control fuseroil.1.6 This standard does not purport to ad
5、dress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificprecautionary statement, see 8.3.1.2. Re
6、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension ofSolutions of Surface-Active AgentsD 4559 Test Method for Volatile Matter in Silicone Fluid
7、D 4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug ViscometerF 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF 995 Practice for Estimating Toner Usage in CopiersUtilizing Dry Two-Component Developer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to
8、 This Standard:3.1.1 fuser agenta specialized fuser oil designed to with-stand the higher temperatures encountered in certain high-speed copying machines.3.1.2 fuser cleaning unita mechanical assembly in acopier or printer used to clean the fuser rollers.3.1.3 fuser oila specifically formulated flui
9、d, based onpolyorgano siloxane or equivalent, used in a fuser unit toprevent offsetting during the toner fixing process.3.1.4 fuser rolla heated roller that contacts the paper andtoner directly and is part of the fuser unit.3.1.5 fuser unita mechanical assembly in a copier orprinter used to fix the
10、toner to the paper. The fuser unit caninclude an associated fuser oil applicator.3.1.6 non-recirculating systema fuser oil application sys-tem in which none of the fuser oil that has been removed fromthe reservoir is returned.3.1.7 recirculating systema fuser oil application systemthat removes the o
11、il from a sump, applies a portion of the oilto the fuser unit, and returns the excess fuser oil to the sump.3.2 For definitions of other terms, refer to TerminologyF 335.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A copier or printer is set up to standard operatingparameters and operated in a controlled job stream an
12、denvironment.4.2 Standard OEM supplies, including toner and developer,fuser rollers, and fuser cleaning apparatus, are used andreplenished, as required, according to standard service proce-dures.4.3 The fuser oil to be evaluated is installed according to theservice procedure provided by the equipmen
13、t manufacturer.Previously used fuser oil should be removed from the fuserunit.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Pub
14、lished February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1434 97 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 The test is conducted according to the procedure de-scribed in 10.1 through 11.4 in Practice F 995.4.5 For recirculating systems, fus
16、er oil samples are takenfrom the sump, and the surface tension, viscosity, and volatilematter content are determined using Test Methods D 445,D 1331, and at the beginning and at specific intervals duringthe test.4.6 Print samples are taken during the test at the beginningand at specific intervals. T
17、he print quality is evaluated incomparison to initial copies, with reference to gloss uniformity,edge acuity, and offsetting. For printers capable of multiplepaper widths, any print quality differences in the areas betweenthe two paper widths used primarily are noted.4.7 For recirculating systems, t
18、he fuser unit is examined atintervals with reference to surface contamination. For printerscapable of multiple paper widths, any surface differences in theareas between the two paper widths used primarily are noted.4.8 For recirculating systems, the minimum duration of thetest is equal to the manufa
19、cturers recommended service life ofthe fuser roller. The fuser roller cleaner, wicks, etc. are replacedduring the test at the manufacturers recommended intervals.The test may be extended to twice the service life in order toobserve specific failure modes.4.9 The volume of fuser oil added during the
20、test is recordedin order to determine an estimated average consumption rate.4.10 Any odors emitted by the machine resulting from thefuser oil are evaluated relative to user offensiveness.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice can be used to evaluate the performance ofdifferent fuser oils in a spec
21、ific model copier or printer.5.2 This practice can be used to evaluate a subject fuser oilin comparison to an acceptable control fuser oil.5.3 This practice can be used to estimate the consumption ofa specific fuser oil in a copier or printer.5.4 This practice can be used with recirculating systems
22、tomonitor the change in volatile matter content as the testprogresses.An excessive increase in volatile matter content canindicate breakdown of the fuser oil due to the combined effectof the heat of the fuser unit and the catalytic action ofcontaminants introduced by toner, paper, and other material
23、sencountered in the machine. The production of excessiveamounts of volatile materials may damage delicate electricalcomponents within some copying machines.5.5 This practice can be used with recirculating systems tomonitor the change in viscosity as the test progresses. Anexcessive increase in the v
24、iscosity of a fuser oil can indicatethat it is beginning to form a gel due to the effect of oxygen,contaminants, and high temperatures encountered in the ma-chine.5.6 This practice can be used with recirculating systems tomonitor the change in surface tension as the test progresses.Anincrease in sur
25、face tension indicates loss of the release prop-erties of the fuser oil and may lead to print offsetting and otheradverse effects.5.7 This practice can be used to evaluate the rate of fuseroil-related buildup on the fuser roll. A rubbery material thatconsists of gelled fuser oil, paper dust, toner,
26、and othercontaminants may build up on the fuser roll as the fuser oildegrades. Inspection of the fuser roll at specific intervalsprovides a qualitative evaluation of this effect.5.8 This practice can be used to determine changes inmeasured print quality, odor emission, paper jam rate, paperwrap rate
27、, paper crinkle rate, and fuser roller life during thetest.5.9 This practice is a single estimate subject to a significantnumber of variables that are not measured easily. Conse-quently, a repeated number of tests on more than one machinewill yield more reliable conclusions.5.10 This practice may be
28、 used with recirculating systems toestablish limits for acceptable change in physical propertiesbased on data correlations. Such limits may provide moreefficient evaluation of sample fuser oils and prevent damage tothe copying machine by avoiding the need to test to failure.6. Interferences6.1 Varia
29、tions in the fuser agent or fuser oil performanceand consumption rate will occur for many reasons, the follow-ing of which are among them:6.1.1 Fuser Unit AdjustmentsTemperature, pressure, etc.;6.1.2 Operating EnvironmentTemperature and humidity;6.1.3 Toner, developer, and paper properties;6.1.4 Fus
30、er roller properties;6.1.5 Operator and service variability;6.1.6 Batch-to-batch fuser oil variations;6.1.7 Machine-to-machine variations;6.1.8 Machine standby time with fuser at temperature;6.1.9 Toner coverage; and6.1.10 Contamination in the machine.7. Apparatus7.1 Copier or Printer, to be tested.
31、7.2 Suffcient Consumable Supplies, to conduct the test.7.3 Graduated Cylinder, to monitor the samples removedand returned.7.4 Laboratory Equipment, for viscosity, surface tension,and volatile matter content measurements.8. Procedure8.1 General Instructions:8.1.1 Referring to Practice F 995, conduct
32、the test accordingto the procedure described in 111.1 through 111.4. A regularjob stream can be used for convenience. The job stream mustbe controlled (run length distribution and run frequency) forcomparison performance tests. Use a controlled variation ofpaper widths if the copiers or printer have
33、 this capability.8.1.2 For recirculating systems, conduct the test for aminimum duration determined by the manufacturers recom-mended service life of the fuser rollers. If necessary, in order toobserve specific possible failure modes, extend the test periodto at least twice the recommended service l
34、ife.8.1.3 When appropriate, the test period may be chosen to be50 times the rated machine speed in number of copies per hour.8.1.4 At least 10 evenly spaced periodic tests should beperformed during the test run. Additionally, all tests should bemade prior to each addition of fuser oil.F 1434 97 (200
35、8)28.1.5 Record the results of tests at each interval on theappropriate sections of a data sheet similar to the sample datasheet shown in the Appendix (Fig. X1.1).8.1.6 All data should be recorded with reference to copycount and test duration (elapsed time).8.2 Instructions For All Systems:8.2.1 Exa
36、mine the fuser unit at each test interval withreference to surface contamination and, for printers or copierscapable of multiple paper widths, any surface differences in theareas between the widths. Grade the degree of contaminationvisually using a 05 scale; 0 = no contamination, and 5 = great-est c
37、ontamination.8.2.2 Evaluate the print quality at each test interval incomparison to the initial copies. The print quality is comparedvisually with reference to gloss uniformity, edge acuity, andoffsetting. For printers and copiers capable of multiple paperwidths, any print quality differences in the
38、 areas between thetwo paper widths used primarily should be noted. Grade theprint quality visually using a scale of 05; 0 = no observablechange from initial copies, and 5 = greatest copy qualitydeterioration.8.2.3 Record each instance of paper wrapping and crinkling.8.2.4 Record the volume of each a
39、ddition of fuser oil, addedas measured with a graduated cylinder.8.2.5 Note any uncharacteristic odors emitted by the ma-chine resulting from the fuser oil that are offensive to the user.8.2.6 Record any service action taken during the test.8.3 Instructions For Recirculating Systems Only:8.3.1 Take
40、sufficient samples of fuser oil from the sump atthe beginning and at each test interval, in order to perform TestMethods D 445, D 1331, D 4559, and D 4741 for viscosity,surface tension, and volatile matter content. (WarningAllmaterials and hardware in the fuser unit are hot! Care should betaken to a
41、void injury when removing or returning samples.)8.3.2 Measure the quantity of fuser oil removed at each testinterval in a graduated cylinder.8.3.3 Note any contamination visible in the sump sample ateach test interval. Grade the degree of contamination using a05 scale; 0 = no visible contamination,
42、and 5 = greatest con-tamination.8.3.4 The fuser oil used to perform Test Methods D 445 andD 1331, surface tension and viscosity, are to be returned to thesump after testing, along with any unused fuser oil. Measurethe quantity of fuser oil returned to the sump in a graduatedcylinder.8.3.5 The fuser
43、oil used to perform Test Method D 4559,volatile matter content, will be damaged. Do not return it to thesump.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 Typical Fuser Oil-Related Problems:9.1.1 Buildup of a solid or gel-like material on the fuser roll:this problem is due to degradation of the fuser oil on the r
44、oller.9.1.2 Paper jamming due to adhesion to the fuser roll (wraparound); this problem may be caused by failure of a fuser oil toact as a release agent.9.1.3 Print offsetting due to failure of the fuser oil to releasethe toner from the fuser roll.9.1.4 Excessive breakdown of the fuser oil into volat
45、ilematerials that may be harmful to the copying machine oroffensive to the user.9.2 Results from the tests described in this practice may beevaluated in comparison to a control fuser oil. The fuser oilused as a control should be one that has demonstratedperformance acceptable to the user.9.2.1 Compa
46、re the number of jams due to wrap around per1000 copies for the control versus subject fuser oil.9.2.2 Compare the print quality of copies made using thecontrol fuser oil to that of copies made with the subject fuseroil with reference to gloss uniformity, edge acuity, and offset-ting. Comparisons sh
47、ould be made using copy samples takenafter an equal number of copies have been produced for eachfuser oil. Consideration must be given to the differences in anyrecent fuser oil additions. Comparison of the graphs of printquality grading may aid in evaluation.9.2.3 Compare the amount of fuser roll su
48、rface contamina-tion for the control versus subject fuser oil. These comparisonsshould be made after an equal number of copies have beenproduced using each fuser oil. Comparison of the graphs ofsurface contamination grading may aid in evaluation.9.2.4 For recirculating systems, compare the graphs of
49、 fuseroil viscosity plotted against the total number of copies pro-duced for the control and subject fuser oil.9.2.5 For recirculating systems, compare the graphs of fuseroil volatile matter content plotted against the total number ofcopies produced for the control versus subject fuser oil.9.2.6 For recirculating systems, compare the graphs ofsurface tension versus the total copies produced for the controland subject fuser oil.9.2.7 For recirculating systems, compare the graphs of fuseroil sample contamination for the control versus subject fuseroil. Significant diff
