1、Designation: F 1478 06Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Producedfrom Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining theamount of image abraded from th
3、e surface of a document.1.2 This test method may be used to evaluate the abrasionresistance of images produced by business imaging products,including nonimpact printers, thermal transfer printers, andcopiers. The machine shall be capable of producing thespecified image.1.3 Testing focuses on determi
4、ning the amount of imagedmaterial removed, resulting from forces which impart a rub-bing or grinding action principally on the top surface of theimage.1.4 Comparison may be made between various imagingdevices or the image-producing components of an individualmachine.1.5 Other test methods employing
5、the Crockmeter (TestMethod F 1319), Sutherland Rub Tester, and Gavarti GA-CATmay be employed to evaluate the smudge and abrasioncharacteristics. Results by these test methods are not necessar-ily equivalent to those obtained by this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of th
6、esafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 335 Terminology Relating
7、to Electrostatic ImagingF 1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy Products (Crockmeter Method)2.2 ANSI Standards:PH2.17 Density MeasurementsGeometric Conditions forReflection Density3PH2.18 Density MeasurementsSpectral Conditions32.3 A
8、STM Adjuncts:Abrasion Test Target43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions related to electrostaticcopying may be found in Terminology F 335.3.2 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.3 smudgethe tendency of a
9、n image to smear or streakonto the adjacent area when rubbed, involving the redepositionof abraded material.3.4 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to withstandsmudging.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test specimens are generated of an image described inthis test method. Suitable hard copy targets
10、 for use in copiersand computer program diskettes for use in computer printersare available from ASTM. The specimens are abraded with aspecified instrument and evaluated by visual comparison orreflectance measurements, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 The degree of image abraded from a copy or pri
11、ntedimage may be affected by various factors, including the type ofmachine, condition of the machine, supplies employed, time1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Pr
12、oducts.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F 1478 95 (2005).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
13、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF1478.1Copyright ASTM International
14、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.since imaging, and environmental conditions. As many aspossible of these variables should be controlled during the test.If available, a control sample with known characteristicsshould be run along with the test sam
15、ples.5.2 This test method may be used to determine imageresistance to damage or deterioration as a result of exposure toabrasive forces, such as automated document handling devices.5.3 This test method may be used for control of productquality, comparative analysis of machines, comparative analy-sis
16、 of imaging components, as well as a research and develop-ment tool.5.4 This test method is adaptable to images produced frommost nonimpact printers and copiers. The printers shall becapable of utilizing the available program to produce thespecified image.5.5 If the user wishes to simulate the type
17、of damage orsmudge resulting from paper rubbing against the printed imageor from normal handling, consideration should be given tousing either the Crockmeter Method (Test Method F 1319), theSutherland Rub Method, or the Gavarti GA-CAT Method.6. Interferences6.1 The degree of image fixing is an integ
18、ral factor in theresistance of the image to damage or deterioration due toabrasion. The image fixing capabilities of copiers and printersmay be significantly influenced by the choice of supplies. Toobtain an accurate representation of the capabilities of anygiven machine, the manufacturers recommend
19、ations for toner,fusers, fuser oils, other imaging supplies, and paper should befollowed.6.2 Due to the temperature cycling of some copier andprinter fuser systems, the degree of image fixing may vary asa function of the length of time the machine has been turned onor as a function of the number of
20、copies or prints in a given run.NOTE 1For example, the degree of image fixing may be different forthe first few copies made right after the machine is turned on than it willbe for the copies made several hours later. Also, the fiftieth copy of a runmay have a different degree of fixing than the seco
21、nd or third copy of thatsame run.6.3 Unusual environmental conditions, such as extremes oftemperature and humidity may affect both the degree of imagefixing and the copy quality. For this reason, it is recommendedthat the environmental conditions be noted when conductingcomparison tests between mach
22、ines or supplies. For the mostaccurate comparisons, the environment should be kept asconstant as reasonably possible during the entire test.7. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Abrasion TesterTaber Model 503, 5130, or equiva-lent.57.2 Abrasion WheelsTaber Calibrase CS-10F abrasionwheels.67.3 Auxiliary Weig
23、hts500 g.77.4 Specimen HolderModel E100 having 125 414-in.(10.80-cm) outside diameter with Model E100101 ClampRing.87.5 Silicon Carbide Paper150 grit cut into discs andhole-punched in the center to fit specimen holder (Taber S11Abrasive Disc).97.6 Taber Model 200 Diamond Wheel Refacer.107.7 Source o
24、f Vacuum, for removing particles wastes fromabrasion surface, either separate or built into the tester.7.8 Compressed Air Source35 to 60 psi (240 to 413 KPa).7.9 Test Copier or Printer, adjusted and equipped withappropriate toner, fuser oil, paper, and other supplies asrequired. If a copier or print
25、er is to be used to evaluate a supplyitem, all other supply items should be unchanged during theduration of the comparison test.7.10 If comparison tests are being made between copiers orprinters, all supply items should be as specified by themanufacturer. Unless otherwise specified by the manufactur
26、er,the same paper should be used in each of the machines.7.11 Copier Test TargetA printed Abrasion Test Target isavailable as an ASTM adjunct. Fig. 1 shows a printed exampleof the target.7.12 Printer Test TargetDiskettes are available in a vari-ety of programs for several types of personal computers
27、ystems.11The diskette allows the generation of an imagecomparable to the copier test target.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Model 503, 5130) known tothe committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, p
28、lease provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Calibrase CS-10F AbrasionWheels) known to the committee at
29、this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St.,North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may atten
30、d.7The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Auxiliary Weights) known tothe committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will rec
31、eive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Model E100125 Specimen Holderand Model E100101 Clamp Ring) known to the committee at this time is TaberIndustries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY 1412
32、0. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber S-11 Abrasive D
33、isc) knownto the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technic
34、al committee,1which you may attend.10The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Taber Model 200 Diamond WheelRefacer) known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St.,North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM In
35、ternational Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.11The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Industry Analysts, Inc., Technical Services Div., 1275 Bloomfield Ave.
36、, Building3, Suite 50 C, Fairfield, NJ 07004. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.F1478062FIG. 1 Abrasio
37、n Test TargetF14780637.13 ReflectometerAn instrument for the measurement ofreflection density meeting the geometric conditions for reflec-tion density specified in ANSI PH2.17, the spectral conditionsspecified in ANSI PH2.18, and having an aperture diameter of10 mm.NOTE 2An aperature of 10 mm will c
38、over the entire area of the testspot. If an instrument with a smaller aperature is used, several readingsshall be taken and averaged to obtain the reflectance of the spot.7.13.1 Measurement should be reported as percent reflec-tance. If the instrument reads in optical density, convert thevalues to r
39、eflectance, as follows:R,%reflectance!5110Ddensity!3 100 (1)A scientific calculator may be used to aid in this conversion.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Copier or PrinterEnsure that the test copiers orprinters, or both, have been properly adjusted following themanufacturers instructions. Ensure that
40、 an adequate amount ofall supplies needed for operation conforms with the manufac-turers specifications and is in a quantity adequate to completethe test without replenishment. If replenishment is necessary,make certain that it is from the same lot.8.2 ReflectometerWarm the instrument up and calibra
41、te itin accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.Check calibration frequently while making measurements.8.3 Abrasion Tester:8.3.1 Prepare new wheels by conducting two independentdressings of 50 cycles each on a 150-grit abrasive disc,discarding the used abrasive disc after each dressing ope
42、ration.If a thin film of material develops on the edge of the wheelsduring dressing, it may be removed by gently rubbing with afinger while rotating the wheels by hand on their spindles.Avoid touching the abrading surfaces of the wheels.8.3.2 Place the 500-g auxiliary weights onto the swing arms.8.3
43、.3 Attach the vacuum source to the abrader and set thevacuum level to 100 % to allow for effective particle removalwithout lifting or damaging the specimens. Set the vacuumnozzle height to18 in.8.3.4 Blow particles off from wheels after abrasion of eachspecimen.8.3.5 Dress wheels 50 cycles with a ne
44、w 150-grit abrasivedisc after every four specimens.NOTE 3Discoloration of the abrasive wheels with image materialdoes not necessarily indicate dirty or ineffective wheels.Alarge amount ofbackground in the path of the wheels would indicate dirty wheels thatshould be dressed.8.3.6 Should either wheel
45、become out-of-round, it will benecessary to simultaneously reface both wheels using thediamond wheel refacer. Out-of-round wheels are indicated by aslight up and down motion of the swing arms as the wheelsrotate on the specimen. Refacing must continue until bothwheels are again round.NOTE 4Observe t
46、he wheel manufacturers recommendations withrespect to minimum wheel diameter and maximum shelf life. Store wheelsin their original protective case when not in use.8.3.7 After wheels have been refaced with the diamondwheel refacer, it is necessary to dress them once using 50cycles on a clean 150-grit
47、 abrasive disc.9. Procedure9.1 This test method may be used to either make a com-parative evaluation between two or more printers or copiers orto evaluate a supply item for a printer or copier. Whenevaluating a supply item, a single copier or printer shall beused and all other supply items shall rem
48、ain constant. In anyevent, the procedure for sample generation and selection,abrasion testing, and evaluation is the same.9.2 Sample Generation and Selection:9.2.1 Turn the copier or printer on for 30 min and ensurethat the machine has been idle in “standby” mode for at leastfive continuous minutes
49、immediately before the test has begun.9.2.2 Generate test copies or prints using a suitable testtarget in the case of a copier, or computer program in the caseof a printer.9.2.3 Run the copier or printer in continuous mode for 2 minto ensure a representation of the varying degrees of toner fixingthat may occur within a given system. Save all copies or prints.Maintain them in the sequence in which they were generated.9.2.4 For machines rated at less than 40 copies per minute,select sample sets of three consecutive sheets from the begin-ning, middle, an
