1、Designation: F1486 96 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forDetermination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance ofImages Produced from Office Products (GA-CAT Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for determining theabrasion and
3、smudge resistance of images produced from officeproducts using a GA-CAT comprehensive abrasion tester.1.2 This practice is applicable to images produced frombusiness imaging products such as typewriters, copiers, impactprinters, and nonimpact printers.1.3 Other test methods using the Crockmeter, Sut
4、herlandrub tester, and Taber Abrader can be employed to evaluatesmudge and abrasion characteristics. The results obtained bythese units are not necessarily equivalent to those obtained withthe GA-CAT.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenth
5、eses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
6、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasion resistancet
7、he ability of an image to with-stand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.1.2 receptorfilm or paper of standard abrasiveness ontowhich material removed from the specimen is deposited duringthe abrasion testing process.3.1.3 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or strea
8、konto an adjacent area when rubbed. Smudge involves theredeposition of abraded material.3.1.4 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand smudging.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The test print and a receptor are sandwiched in the panelholder of the GA-CAT comprehensive abrasion tester, clamped
9、together with a known force, and made to slide over each otherat a known frequency and over a known distance for apredetermined time period.4.2 The test specimen is examined for the degree of printdegradation and the receptor for the amount of image materialtransferred from the specimen surface. The
10、 results may be ratedrelative to a comparative control run in the identical manner, orthey may be quantified by comparison to a ranking scalenumbered from zero to ten (with zero being the most abrasion/smudge resistant and ten being the least abrasion/smudgeresistant).5. Significance and Use5.1 Abra
11、sion and smudge resistance during handling,transport, and storage is essential to prevent the marring orsmudging of images produced from business imaging products.Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasion/smudge occur-ring depends on relative humidity, temperature, and a host ofother variables,
12、 this practice provides a means for comparingthe abrasion and smudge resistance of images produced frombusiness imaging products under laboratory conditions.5.2 This practice may be used to determine the abrasion andsmudge resistance of images produced from business imagingproducts such as typewrite
13、rs, copiers, impact printers, andnonimpact printers.5.3 This practice may also be used to evaluate the relativeabrasion and smudge resistance of various ribbons, inks, andtoners.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibilit
14、y of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1486 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/F1486-96R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
15、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.4 This practic
16、e may be used for control of product quality,comparative analysis of machines, or as a research anddevelopment tool.6. Interferences6.1 Anumber of factors may affect specimen image creationand contribute to inconclusive results. It is recommended thatthe following factors be taken into consideration
17、:6.1.1 Resistance to abrasion and smudge of images mayvary as a result of the sequential position of a given print orcopy in a series of prints or copies. For example, the abrasionand smudge resistance of the third copy or print of a run of 20copies or prints may be different from that of the 15th c
18、opy orprint.6.1.2 The fusing temperature of the laser printer, copier, orother toner-based unit will affect the degree of abrasion andsmudge resistance. If the temperature is low, the toner may notbe fused properly to the substrate and may be abraded orsmudged easily.6.1.3 If the temperature of the
19、head on a thermal transferprinter is low, or too high, the image may not be affixedproperly to the substrate and may be abraded or smudgedeasily.6.1.4 Extreme variations in temperature and humidity mayaffect both the degree of image fixing and the copy quality. Forthis reason, it is recommended that
20、 the environmental condi-tions be noted when conducting comparison tests betweenmachines or supplies. For the most accurate comparisons, theenvironment should be kept as constant as is reasonablypossible during the entire test.7. Apparatus7.1 GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion TesterSee Fig. 1.37.2 Ranki
21、ng Book,3containing specimens whose degree ofruboff is ranked from 0 (no ruboff) to 610 (most ruboff).7.3 Test Copier or Printer, adjusted and equipped withappropriate ribbons, paper, toner, fuser oil, and other suppliesas required. If the copier or printer is to be used to evaluate asupply item, al
22、l other supply items should be unchanged duringthe duration of the comparison test.7.3.1 If comparison tests are being made between copiers orprinters, all supply items should be as specified by themanufacturer. Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer,the same paper should be used in each mac
23、hine.7.4 Copier Test Target, available from ASTM. This testtarget incorporates designs suitable for various smudge andabrasion testers. Consult Fig. 2 for a printed example of thetarget. A suitable alternative may be used.7.5 Printer Test Target Diskettes,4available for severaltypes of personal comp
24、uter systems. The diskette allows thegeneration of an image comparable to the Copier Test Target.A suitable alternative may be used.8. Materials8.1 Standard Receptors, approximately 4 by 412 in. (102 by114 mm), of an appropriate grade, as follows:3Available from Gavarti Associates, Ltd., 9240 N. Sle
25、epy Hollow Lane,Milwaukee, WI 53217.4Available from Industry Analysts, Inc., Technical Services Division, 1275Bloomfield Avenue, Building 3, Suite 50 C, Fairfield, NJ 07004.FIG. 1 GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion TesterFIG. 2 Abrasion Test TargetF1486 96 (2013)28.1.1 C-53A nonglossy paper.8.2 Foam Shee
26、ting,3two pieces, each approximately564 in.(2 mm) thick and cut to 4 by 412 in. (102 by 114 mm).NOTE 1The use of foam sheeting as a backing for the test specimenand the receptor is recommended to provide uniform pressure over the testsurfaces and to prevent ink or other particles from becoming embed
27、ded inthe sensitive surface of the panel holders.8.3 Comparative Control:8.3.1 An office or laboratory print, preferably having knownabrasion and smudge resistance. The comparative control musthave the same substrate, color(s), and subject matter as the testprint.8.3.2 Two or more test samples (prod
28、uced by the sameequipment under the same conditions) so results can becompared.8.3.3 If all tests were performed under the same conditions(for example, paper, time, frequency, span, and offset), use theRANKING BOOK (7.2). If tests were performed under differ-ent conditions (for example, paper, time,
29、 frequency, span, andoffset), note the variables in the final report.9. Test Specimen and Conditioning9.1 Specimen preparation and conditioning can have adramatic effect on the test results. It is recommended that thefollowing be taken into consideration:9.1.1 The specimen length and width must not
30、exceed 412in. (114 mm). Care should be taken to avoid contaminating thetest surface with fingerprints during specimen cutting andhandling.9.2 Condition the specimens in accordance with PracticeD685 or in the same atmospheric conditions as those in whichthe test is to be conducted (see 9.3). Record t
31、he temperatureand relative humidity of the conditioning atmosphere.9.3 All comparison tests should be run under the sameconditions of temperature and humidity. If a standard conditionis not available, ensure that wide changes in temperature andhumidity do not occur while the test is conducted. Recor
32、d thetemperature and relative humidity at the start and end of thetest.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Set the abrasion tester on a sturdy bench, preferably ina room conditioned at the temperature and relative humidityprescribed in 10.2. Ensure that the three-prong power cord isconnected correctly.
33、10.2 Periodically check the liquid level in the hydraulicpressure system. Follow the instructions in the manufacturersmanual if not full.11. Procedure for Abrasion Testing11.1 Loading the Instrument:11.1.1 Move the tray containing the four panel holders tothe front black support shelf. Ensure that t
34、he inscribed “L”appears on the upper left side of the panel and the “R” in theupper right side of the right panel holder (see Fig. 3). Thereshould be a space of at least12 in. (12.7 mm) between the twocenter panel holders.11.1.2 Face the test specimen on the receptor (selected in8.2) and sandwich it
35、 between the foam sheets. Take care thatthe sandwich does not extend below the bottom of the panelholders.11.1.3 Push the four panel holders together into an uprightparallel position. Ensure that the sandwich is not pinched at thebottom of the panel holders; otherwise, it will tend to slidedown duri
36、ng the test. Grab the pins and move the tray insidethe instrument so that the two retaining pins drop into thecarriage holes. If the pins do not drop into their respectiveholes, recenter the panel holders on the sample tray.11.1.4 Apply side pressure by turning the lower blackspindle until the corre
37、sponding dial reads 20 psi (138 kPa). Donot apply top pressure at this time.11.1.5 The carriage inside the instrument is meant to movebetween two limit switches (used for centering) approximately2 in. (50.8 mm) apart. If the carriage is not situated betweenthese limits, manually center the carriage.
38、11.2 Testing Under the Preset Mode:11.2.1 Turn the power switch on by pressing the upper sideof the flip switch at the right side of the instrument.11.2.2 After the control box window (LCD) displays “GA-CAT Ready,” press “CNTR;” the LCD will read “check limits”to ensure that the carriage is within t
39、he range of the limitswitches. Press “CNTR” again, and the LCD will read “Re-lease top pressure.” Press “CNTR” once more, and the carriagewill move to the extreme right (limit switch) and then back tostop exactly in the center. At this point, the LCD will show thatthe carriage has been centered by s
40、howing a flashing squareafter “GA-CAT READY.”11.2.3 After the instrument is centered, apply the toppressure of 40 psi (276 kPa).11.2.4 Push the “STRT” button. The LCD will read“COMPUTING,” and after 3 s, the instrument will run underthe following default values:Time: 5.0 sFrequency: 2.0 HzSpan: 1.0
41、in.(25.4 mm)Offset: 0.0 in.11.2.5 When the instrument stops, release the top pressure,ensuring that the pressure plate is high enough to clear thepanel holders. Push the “CNTR” button to re-center theFIG. 3 Panel HoldersF1486 96 (2013)3carriage. Release the side pressure and pull the panel holdersou
42、t of the carriage. Remove the sandwich and examine the testspecimen and the receptor.11.2.6 To continue running the test with the same settings,reload the instrument as in 11.1, apply the top pressure as in11.2.3, and push “STRT.” When the instrument stops, followthe procedure given in 11.2.5. Turn
43、the switch off only at theconclusion of testing.11.3 Changing the Default Values:11.3.1 In the event that testing produces inconclusiveresults, the test should be repeated using a different set ofconditions until a satisfactory set is produced. The defaultvalues for time, frequency, span, and offset
44、 may be changed toany of the following settings. For example, if no smudge orabrasion occurs, increase the settings; if excessive smudge andabrasion occurs, decrease the settings. If the default settingsmust be changed, the settings used must be noted in the finalreport.Time: Continuous from 1 to 36
45、00 sFrequency: 0.2 to 3.0 Hz (cycles per second) with aresolution of 0.1 HzSpan: 0.1 to 1.3 in. (2.54 to 3.3 mm) with a resolution of0.1 in. (2.54 mm)Offset: 0.1 to 0.4 in. (2.54 to 10.1 mm) in increments of0.1 in. (2.54 mm)11.3.2 In order to change a setting, press the “MODE”button until the LCD di
46、splays the default value to be altered.Enter the new value on the number buttons, and then press“ENTER.” The LCD will read “NEW VALUE?.” If the valueis correct, press “ENTER” a second time. If incorrect, enteranother value, or press “CLEAR” and start over again.NOTE 2The instrument reverts to the or
47、iginal default values bypressing “RESET” and any time the instrument is turned off.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 Run the test material and the comparative control in anidentical manner. Examine each print for the degree of degra-dation (smudge) and each receptor for the amount of materialtransfe
48、rred from or on the print. Report results for bothabrasion and smudge relative to the comparative control asequal, slightly or appreciably less, or slightly or appreciablygreater.12.2 If all tests were performed under the same conditions(for example, paper, time, frequency, span, and offset), anumer
49、ical record of degree of abrasion/smudge ranging fromzero to ten can be obtained from a comparison of the testspecimen with examples in the RANKING BOOK (7.2). Iftests were performed under different conditions (for example,paper, time, frequency, span, and offset), note variables in thefinal report.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Printer or copier make and model;13.1.2 Test specimen type and physical specifications;13.1.3 Standard receptor type (8.1.1);13.1.4 Conditioning atmospheric conditions (9.2);13.1.5 Testing atmospheric conditions at the
