1、Designation: F1646 12F1646 13 An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toSafety and Traction for Footwear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology used in safety and traction for footwear and related material
3、.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry.NOTE 1The following standards are currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and are includedin 2.1: Test Methods F489, F60
4、9, and F694; Practices F695 and F1637; and Guides F802 and F1240.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5859 Test Method for Determining the Traction of Footwear on Painted Surfaces Using the Variable Incidence Tester(Withdrawn 2005)3F489 Test Method for Using a James Machine (Withdrawn 2005)3F
5、609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS)F694 Test Method for Heel-Attaching Strength of Womens Shoes (Withdrawn 2008)3F695 Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Measurement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, and RelatedMaterialsF802 Guide for Selection of Certain
6、Walkway Surfaces When Considering Footwear Traction (Withdrawn 2012)3F1240 Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials on Contaminated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip Resistance TestResultsF1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF1694 Guide for Composing Walkway Surface Investigation, Evaluation
7、and Incident Report Forms for Slips, Stumbles, Trips,and FallsF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces3. Terminologyadhesion, nthe tendency of one surface to adhere to another surface prior to movement due to dwell time, as well as
8、 other factors.arch, nthe bony framework of the foot extending from the heel to the toes and sustained by the muscles and ligaments in theform of an arch. Also, the bottom curve of a shoe last from heel to ball.barefoot, adv or adjwith the feet uncovered or unclothed; without shoes or stockings.boll
9、ard, na thick, low, short, post, often of iron or steel and usually used in series, provided for the purpose of excluding ordiverting motor vehicles from a road, lawn, or path. F1637breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, under specifie
10、d conditions, the relationship between the values obtained bya walkway tribometer and the corresponding supplier reference values. F2508carpet, npermanently secured fibrous floor covering.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and
11、is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F13.91on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2013. Published August 2012February 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20052012 asF1646 05F1646 12.1. DOI: 10.1520/F1646-12.10.1520/F1646-13.
12、2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is re
13、ferenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends tha
14、t users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1DISCUSSIONArea rugs, ma
15、ts, and runners are not considered to be carpet for the purpose of this practice. F1637clean, nfree from visible or tactile contamination.coating, na layer of any substance intentionally applied to a surface to modify its functional or decorative characteristics.coefficient-of-friction (COF or ), )
16、, na dimensionless number: the ratio of two forces acting at the interface of two contactingsolid bodies. The force used in the numerator is parallel to the surfaces and the force used in the denominator is perpendicular(normal) to the surfaces. See also dynamic coeffcient of friction.coefficient of
17、 friction (COF), nthe ratio of the horizontal component of force (parallel to the walkway surface and passingthrough the tester center of gravity) required to overcome the friction to the normal component of the vertical force (weight)of the object. D5859coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the fr
18、ictional force to the force, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the two surfacesin contact. This coefficient is a measure of the relative difficulty with which the surface of one material will slide over anadjoining surface of itself, or of another material. The static or starting coeffi
19、cient of friction (s) is related to the force measuredto begin movement of the surfaces relative to each other. The kinetic or sliding coefficient of friction (k) is related to the forcemeasured in sustaining this movement. F489contaminant, nany substance between and not a part of either of the two
20、surfaces; contaminant, contaminating, contamination.contamination, nany undesirable solid or liquid material that rests upon a surface or exists between two mating surfaces;contaminant, contaminating.contra lateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the opposite side of the body.cross slope, nthe
21、slope of a pedestrian walkway that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. F1637dwell time, nthe duration of time beginning at the instant a tribometers test foot is placed upon the surface to be tested, andending at the instant a shear force is applied to the sensor.dynamic coefficient of fric
22、tion (DCOF), n a coefficient of friction, d, obtained during relative translation between twocontacting solid bodies; used interchangeably with kinetic coeffcient of friction.element, nan identifiable part of an architectural component, for example, a stair handrail, tread, riser, or landing. F1637f
23、air, adja smooth transition between adjacent surfaces. F1637fall, nundesirable descent due to the force of gravity, usually from a standing posture or during ambulation, to a lower level,usually the ground or floor.fit, nthe ability of the shoe or hosiery to conform to the size, width, shape, and pr
24、oportion of the foot.floor surface, nSee walkway surface.footwear, nwearing apparel for the feet (such as shoes, boots, slippers, or overshoes), excluding hosiery.footwear, nshoes, including boots, sandals, slippers, or foul weather gear such as overshoes and rubbers, or a combinationthereof. F1637f
25、oreseeable pedestrian path, nany place where a pedestrian could reasonably be expected to walk. F1637foxing, na piece of material applied to the upper or extending around the outsole of a boot or shoe.friction, nresistance to the relative motion of one body sliding, rolling, or flowing over another
26、with which it is in contact.friction, nthe resistance developed between the physically contacting surfaces of two bodies when there is a movement orattempted movement of one body relative to the other parallel to the plane of contact. D5859friction, nthe resisting force that arises when a surface of
27、 one substance slides, or tends to slide, over an adjoining surface ofitself or another substance. Between surfaces of solids in contact there may be two kinds of friction: (1) the resistance opposingthe force required to start to move one surface over another, and (2) the resistance opposing the fo
28、rce required to move onesurface over another at a variable, fixed, or predetermined speed. F489heel, na solid part of a shoe or boot projecting downward and attached to or forming the back part of the sole under the heelof the foot.heel breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.F1646 132heel
29、 seat, nthe part of a shoe to which the heel is attached.hosiery, nany covering of the foot not intended for ground contact during ambulation, such as socks, stockings, etc.insole, nthat part of the shoe which is between the foot and the outsole, and to which the upper is fastened during manufacture
30、.It may or may not be covered on the foot side by an aesthetic material referred to as a socklining. F694ipsilateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the same side of the body.mudguard, na strip of material applied to a shoe upper just above the sole intended as a protection against dampness or
31、as anornament.outsole, nthe bottom sole of the shoe, the surface of which is exposed to wear. F694paired t-test, na test of statistical significance based on the use of students t-distribution and used to compare two samplemeans. F2508pedestrian, na person using legs or leg surrogates (for example,
32、prosthetic limbs, crutches, etc.) as the principal mechanism forlocomotion.planar, adjflat. F1637pricker points, nin testing footwear, a modification of the foot form in which needle points of steel 18 in. (3.2 mm) long areused to prevent vertical movement of the test specimen. F694quarter, none sid
33、e of the upper of a shoe or boot from heel to vamp.ramp, na walkway surface that has a slope steeper than 1:20 (5 %). F1637reference surfaces (RSs), nspecified materials, identified in Section 7 of Practice F2508, that have experimentally demonstratedslip properties for a select population of pedest
34、rians and serve as references for walkway tribometer measurements. F2508shank, nthe steel or wood piece inserted in the arch of the shoe for reinforcement. F694shankboard, nthe back part of the insole which is fabricated from a firm fibreboard. It is contoured to the arch of the foot forsupport. F69
35、4SIC, nStandard Industrial Classification, as referenced in Standard Industrial Classification, Office of Statistical Standards,Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, U.S. Department of Commerce. F1694sidewalk, na paved surface, such as concrete or asphalt, usually paral
36、lel and adjacent to streets. F1637slip, na term denoting lubricity of two surfaces sliding in contact with each other. In a sense, it is the antithesis of friction inthat high coefficient of friction denotes low slip and low coefficient of friction high slip. F489slip resistance, nthe relative force
37、 that resists the tendency of the shoe or foot to slide along the walkway surface. Slip resistanceis related to a combination of factors including the walkway surface, the footwear bottom, and the presence of foreign materialsbetween them.DISCUSSIONSlip resistance is dependent upon many factors, suc
38、h as material and condition of the walkway surface, material and condition of the shoe sole or heelmaterial, the physical abilities of the user, the attempted or proposed activities of the user, the presence of any contaminants on any or both of thesurfaces, and other factors. F1637slip resistant, n
39、the provision of adequate slip resistance to reduce the likelihood of slip for pedestrians using reasonable careon the walking surface under expected use conditions. F1637static slip resistance, nthe force required to cause one body in contact with another to begin to move. This force is generallypr
40、oportional to the perpendicular force between the surfaces; the ratio of the former to the latter is called the coefficient offriction. The ratio (with the decimal point moved one place to the right) is used to designate slip index as measured by theHorizontal Pull Slipmeter. F609supplier, nany indi
41、vidual, agent, company, manufacturer, or organization responsible for the walkway tribometer prior to receiptby the user. F2508surface characteristics, na set of terms considered to be the minimum needed to precisely describe the condition of a surfaceespecially regarding slip resistance (material,
42、contamination, slope, texture, hardness, coating, temperature).F1646 133test foot, nshoe bottom material or surrogate mounted on the walkway tribometer that comes into contact with the surface beingtested. F2508top lift, nthe top or outer layer or wearing surface of leather, rubber, plastic, or comp
43、osition on the heel of a shoe. F694upper, nthe parts of a shoe or boot that are above the sole.validation, nthe set of operations that establishes, under specified conditions, the proper ranking and differentiation of referencesurfaces by a walkway tribometer. F2508walkway, nwalking surfaces constru
44、cted for pedestrian usage including floors, ramps, walks, sidewalks, stair treads, parking lotsand similar paved areas that may be reasonably foreseeable as pedestrian paths. Natural surfaces such as fields, playing fields,paths, walks, or footpaths, or a combination thereof, are not included. F1637
45、walkway surface, na structure intended to be used by a person attempting to walk.walkway surface hardware, nincludes manhole covers, cellar doors used as walking surfaces, junction box covers, cleanoutcovers, hatches, sidewalk elevator covers, sewer grates, utility covers, and similar elements that
46、pedestrians can reasonably beexpected to walk on. F1637walkway tribometer, nany apparatus used to measure the frictional forces acting at an interface between a walkway surface andshoe material. F25084. AcronymsCOFcoefficient of frictionDCOFdynamic coefficient of frictionSCOFstatic coefficient of fr
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