ASTM F1780-1997(2002) Standard Guide for Estimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness《评估油溢回收系统有效性的标准导则》.pdf
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1、Designation: F 1780 97 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forEstimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the key factors to consider in estimat-ing the effectiveness of containment and recovery systems that
3、may be used to assist in the control of oil spills on water.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withinformation on assessing the effective use of spill-cleanupequipment. It is intended for use by those involved in planningfor and responding to oil spills.1.3 Sections of this guide d
4、escribe calculation proceduresfor estimating recovery system effectiveness. It should beunderstood that any such calculations cannot be expected topredict system performance, but are intended to provide acommon basis for comparing system performance.1.4 One of the main reasons that the calculation p
5、rocedurescannot be used to predict system performance is that theanalysis is sensitive to assumptions made on the properties ofthe oil slick, and particularly the changes in slick thickness andemulsification. It is emphasized that the purpose of this guideis not to provide a standard method for esti
6、mating slickproperty changes, but rather to provide a standard guide forusing that information in comparing system performance.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol SystemsF 631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inContro
7、lled EnvironmentsF 808 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inUncontrolled Environments3F 1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance withWater Body Classifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 advancing skimmer, na skimmer that is designed tobe used to sweep out the spill area.3.
8、1.2 DiscussionThe skimmer may be independent ormay be attached to containment boom to increase sweep width.In some cases, the skimmer may not be attached to the boombut is positioned in the pocket of the boom for skimming. Aslong as the skimmer operates while moving, it is considered tobe an advanci
9、ng skimmer. Some skimmers are used in both anadvancing and stationary mode. These are classified accordingto their application.3.1.3 contained spills, na spill that is restricted fromspreading by containment boom or natural means.3.1.4 oil slick encounter rate, nthe volume of oil slick perunit time
10、actively encountered by the oil spill recovery system,and therefore available for containment and recovery (m3/h).3.1.5 oil spill recovery system, na combination of devicesthat operate together to recover spilled oil; the system wouldinclude some or all of the following components: (1) contain-ment
11、boom, (2) skimmer, (3) support vessels to deploy andoperate the boom and skimmer, (4) discharge/transfer pumps,(5) oil/water separator, (6) temporary storage devices, and (7)shore based storage/disposal.3.1.6 recovery system effectiveness, nthe volume of oilthat is removed from the environment by a
12、given recoverysystem in a given recovery period.3.1.7 recovery period, nthe time available for recoverysystems to carry out cleanup operations.3.1.8 response time, nthe time interval between the spillincident and the start of cleanup operations.3.1.9 stationary skimmer, na skimmer that is intended t
13、obe used in a fixed location and is moved to new accumulationsof oil as skimming progresses.3.1.10 DiscussionSome stationary skimmers are used in acontainment boom system that moves to collect oil, thenpauses to permit the skimmer to recover the oil collected. Eventhough this system moves periodical
14、ly, the skimmer is stillranked as a stationary skimmer because it operates when thesystem is at rest.3.1.11 uncontained spill, na spill that continues to spreadafter the recovery effort begins.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response a
15、nd is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F 1780 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
16、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Guide4.1 In
17、 evaluating the effectiveness of containment andrecovery systems used in response to oil spills, many factorsneed to be considered of which skimmer performance is butone. The objective of this guide is to describe a range of factorsthat must be considered in estimating recovery system effec-tiveness
18、.4.2 In order to evaluate a recovery system, there are twogeneral types of information required, a set of information todescribe the spill scenario against which the system will bemeasured, and a set of information to describe the performancecharacteristics of the recovery system.4.3 Information on
19、the spill is required to adequately definethe problem and thereby provide a focus for the evaluationprocess. The spill should be defined in sufficient detail as toallow an unambiguous interpretation of its behavior in terms ofthe operating parameters of the countermeasures system. Forcertain purpose
20、s it may be desirable to develop a set ofstandard spill scenarios against which response system effec-tiveness would be measured in a quantifiable manner.4.4 The performance characteristics must be identified forthe recovery system and its various components. In general, theinformation requirements
21、will include the rates or capacities, orboth, the operating limitations, and the support requirements.4.5 This guide covers equipment-related factors that willaffect recovery-system effectiveness. Additional important fac-tors that are not covered in this guide but should be consideredas being criti
22、cal to the success of a spill response include:contingency planning; communications plans; government ap-provals; logistics of supporting manpower and equipment inthe field; and training and exercising of manpower.5. Spill-related Information5.1 Spill Type:5.1.1 Response strategies will depend to so
23、me extent on thetype of spill. The spill scenario should be defined as to whetherit is an instantaneous or continuous release, whether or not thespill has ceased flowing, and whether the spill is contained oruncontained.5.2 Oil Slick PropertiesThe following oil slick propertiesmust be specified for
24、the spill scenario. As some of theseproperties may vary with time, it may be desirable to usecomputer-based behavior models to produce spill propertyinformation for the time period of interest. For certain appli-cations it may be useful to produce standard sets of spillproperty information that desc
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