1、Designation: F1797 09Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-InsulatedDigger Derricks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emis-sion (AE) testing of digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment Covere
3、dThis test method applies tospecial multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonlyknown as digger derricks. These machines are primarilydesigned to dig holes, set poles, and position materials andapparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated and non-insulated type digger derricksmay be evaluated with this test metho
4、d.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnelor equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this testmethod in conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredExcluded from this testmethod are general-purpose cranes designed only for liftingservice and machines prim
5、arily designed only for diggingholes.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locateemission sources. Verification of emission sources may requirethe use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such asradiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, andvisual inspection.1.3
6、 WarningThis test method requires that external loadsbe applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test.During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personneland equipment against unexpected failure or instability of thevehicle or components.1.4 This standard does not purport to addre
7、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E569 Practice f
8、or Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During Controlled StimulationE610 Definitions of Terms Relating to Acoustic Emission2E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproduc
9、ibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor ResponseF914 Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Insulated andNon-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supple-mental Load Handling Attachments2.2 Other Standards:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructiv
10、e Testing3ANSI A10.31 Digger DerricksSafety Requirements,Definitions, and Specifications4EMI Nomenclature and Specifications for Truck-MountedExtensible Aerial Devices, Articulating Aerial Devices,Digger-Derricks53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission, AEthe class of phenomenawhereby
11、elastic waves are generated by the rapid release ofenergy from a localized source or sources within a material, orthe transient elastic wave(s) so generated.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 onElectrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibilit
12、y ofSubcommittee F18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for AerialDevices.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F179798(2003). DOI:10.1520/F1797-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
13、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 4153 ArlingatePlaza, Caller #28518, Columb
14、us, OH 43228.4Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway,New York, NY 10018.5Available from the Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 410 N. MichiganAve.,Chicago, IL 60611.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U
15、nited States.3.1.1.1 Discussionacoustic emission is the recommendedterm for general use. Other terms that have been used in AEliterature include (1) stress wave emission, (2) micro-seismicactivity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with otherqualifying modifiers.3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emissio
16、n signal amplitude)thepeak voltage of the largest excursion attained by the signalwaveform from an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number ofacoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.4 attenuationloss of energy p
17、er unit distance, typi-cally measured as loss of signal peak amplitude with unitdistance from the source of emission.3.1.5 channelan input to the main AE instrument thataccepts a preamplifier output.3.1.6 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected suchthat the sensor outputs are electronically proce
18、ssed by a singlechannel without differentiation of sensor origin. (syn. teed)3.1.7 count, n(acoustic emission count) the number oftimes the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected portion of a test.3.1.8 decibel, dBa reference scale that expresses thelogarith
19、mic ratio of a signal peak amplitude to a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10A1A0(1)where:A0= 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the measured acoustic emissionsignal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB ValueVoltage AtSensor OutputVoltage a
20、t Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.1.9 event (acoustic emission event)a local materialchange giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10 event count, Nthe number obtained by countingeach discerned acoustic emission e
21、vent once.3.1.11 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoringequipment in which an event occurring on one channel willprevent all other channels from processing data for a specifiedperiod of time. The channel with a sensor closest to thephysical location of the emission source will then be the only
22、channel processing data from that source.3.1.12 insulatorany part of the digger derrick such as, butnot limited to, any of the extensible boom sections or support-ing structure, made of a material having a high dielectricstrength, usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.13 noiseany undesired signal that t
23、ends to interferewith the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possessionof a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, orskill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, havedemonstrated the ability to deal with problem
24、s relating to thesubject matter, the work, or the project.3.1.15 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detec-tion of one or more acoustic emission events.FIG. 1 Insulated Digger Derrick NomenclatureF1797 0923.1.16 For definitions of other terms in this test method,refer to Definitions E610 an
25、d the EMI Nomenclature andSpecifications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to the Standard:3.2.1 augerthe hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2 authorized persona qualified person approved andassigned by the user to perform a specific type of duty or dutiesor to be at a specific location or locations
26、 at the job site.3.2.3 boom angle indicatora device that indicates theangle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4 boom pinthe horizontal shaft about which the boompivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5 boom tip sheavethe sheave, located at the tip of aboom, that ca
27、rries the winch line.3.2.6 capacity charta chart that indicates the load capac-ity or rated capacity of the digger derrick, and by the choice ofthe user reflects either the load capacity or the rated capacity.3.2.7 centerline of rotationthe vertical axis about whichthe digger derrick rotates.3.2.8 c
28、ritical membersthose components, members, orstructures in a digger derrick whose failure would causecatastrophic failure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9 design stressthe maximum stress at which the com-ponent is designed to operate under conditions of ratedcapacity.3.2.10 diggerthe mechanism that
29、 drives the auger.3.2.11 extension cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder or cylin-ders that extend the boom.3.2.12 instabilitya condition of a mobile unit in which thesum of the moments tending to overturn the unit is equal to orexceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning.3.2.13 intermedia
30、te boom (C)6structural member ormembers that extend and are located between the upper andlower booms.3.2.14 jiban auxiliary boom that attaches to the upperboom tip to extend the reach of the boom.3.2.15 lift cylindera hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3.2.16 load blocka component consisting of
31、a sheave orsheaves and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the loadline.3.2.17 load capacitythe maximum load, specified by themanufacturer, that can be lifted by the mobile unit at regularintervals of load radius and boom angle, through the specifiedranges of boom elevation, extension, and r
32、otation, with optionsinstalled and inclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18 load linethe load hoisting line.3.2.19 lower boom (D)the structural member, attached tothe turntable, that supports the extensible boom or booms.3.2.20 manufacturerone who originally constructs thedigger derrick.3.2.21 mod
33、elmanufacturers designation for digger der-rick specified.3.2.22 non-destructive testingthe examination by variousmeans of devices and their components without alteration oforiginal components, so that they may function as before.3.2.23 operatorthe person actually engaged in the opera-tion of the di
34、gger derrick.3.2.24 outrigger cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that ex-tends the outrigger.3.2.25 outriggers (L)the structural members that are ex-tended or deployed to assist in stabilizing the mobile unit.3.2.26 pedestal (G)the stationary base of the diggerderrick that supports the turntable.3.2.27
35、platform (H)the optional personnel-carrying com-ponent of a digger derrick, such as a bucket, basket, stand, orequivalent.3.2.28 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which theoptional platform rotates relative to the boom.3.2.29 structural componentsthose elements of a diggerderrick that are subject
36、ed to stress during operation.3.2.30 turntable (F)the structure above the rotation bear-ing that supports the booms.3.2.31 ultimate strengthfor materials that do not have aclearly defined yield strength, the stress level at which failureof a material will occur.3.2.32 upper boom (B)the structural me
37、mber that extendsthe farthest, and that supports the boom tip sheave, or theoptional platform, or both.3.2.33 upper boom tip (A)the end of the boom farthestfrom the turntable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of applying a predeterminedload to an insulated digger derrick while i
38、t is being monitoredby sensors that are sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) causedby active defects. These acoustic emissions can be generatedby, but are not limited to, the following: crack nucleation,movement, or propagation in the metal components; or matrixcrazing, delamination or fiber breakag
39、e of the fiber reinforcedplastic (FRP) material, or both.4.2 The insulated digger derrick is loaded at a uniform rateuntil a predetermined load is reached, which is held for aperiod of time. The load is removed and the cycle is repeated.Acoustic emissions are monitored for the components beingevalua
40、ted during both cycles, and the data is reviewed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method permits testing of the major compo-nents of an insulated digger derrick shown in Table 1 undercontrolled loading. The test method provides a means ofdetecting acoustic emissions generated by the rapid releas
41、e ofenergy from localized sources within the digger derrick under6Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table 1 and Fig. 1.TABLE 1 Insulated Digger Derrick Components That Shall beMonitored with Acoustic EmissionComponent To be Monitored in 11.1Upper Boom Tip AUpper Boom BInte
42、rmediate Boom(s), if equipped CLower Boom DLower Boom Lift Cylinder Attach Bracket ETurntable FPedestal GF1797 093controlled loading. The energy releases occur during inten-tional application of a predetermined load. These energyreleases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified indi-viduals. Ac
43、ceptance/rejection criteria are beyond the scope ofthis test method. The test may be discontinued at any time toinvestigate a particular area of concern, or to prevent a faultfrom continuing to ultimate failure of the digger derrickresulting from the application of the test load.5.2 This test method
44、 provides a means of detecting acousticemission sources that may be defects, irregularities, or both,affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerialpersonnel device.5.3 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with thistest method shall be evaluated by either more refined acou
45、sticemission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods(visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonic, magneticparticle, etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be requiredin order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and toestimate their size.Additional tests are outside t
46、he scope of thistest method.5.4 Defective areas found in digger derricks by this testmethod should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repairprocedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod. Repair procedure recommendations are outside thescope of this test method.6. Personnel
47、 Qualifications6.1 The test method shall be performed by qualified person-nel. Qualification shall be in accordance with an establishedwritten program prepared by a person familiar with design,manufacture, and operation of insulated digger derricks. Theprogram shall include an established format of
48、ASNT SNT-TC-1A for training, qualification, and certification of personnelfor conducting AE testing.NOTE 1Personnel performing non-destructive testing shall be at leastLevel 1 in visual, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and AE.Subsequent test evaluation shall be made by personnel cer
49、tified Level 2(visual, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and AE) in accor-dance with ASNT SNT-TC-1A guidelines.6.2 Acoustic emission test personnel shall be familiar withthe design, manufacture, and operation of insulated diggerderricks. Relevant information is contained in ANSI A10.31and manufacturers operating and service manuals.7. Acoustic Emission Instrumentation7.1 The AE instrument shall be capable of data acquisitionfrom discrete channels using 60 kHz and 150 kHz sensors. Thenumber of AE instrume
