1、Designation: F1930 18Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame-Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted humanskin burn injury for singl
3、e-layer garments or protective cloth-ing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumentedmanikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulatedfire environment having controlled heat flux, flamedistribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84kW/m2(2 calscm2), with durati
4、ons up to 20 s.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layergarment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the overall performance of the garment orprotective clothing ensemble and how the predicted humanskin burn injury results can be interpreted.1.3 The skin
5、burn injury prediction is based on a limitednumber of experiments where the forearms of human subjectswere exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearminformation for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to theentire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. Thehands and feet are not
6、included in the skin burn injuryprediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted canonly apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) testedusing the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials,
7、products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.1.7 The v
8、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly usedfor thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units forconvenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafet
9、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guar
10、ds for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Re
11、com-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area(Weight) of FabricD52
12、19 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Ap-parel SizingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Cir
13、cular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flam
14、e and Thermal.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F1930 17.DOI:10.1520/F1930-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with international
16、ly recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mo
17、unted Insert Temperature-Gradient GagesF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATCC Standards:3Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics afterHome LaunderingTest Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning inPerchloroethylene: Machine Method2.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2
18、No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Color-fastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Launder-ing of TextilesCAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion S
19、ystems Hazards Code,2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 1999 Edition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, use thefollowing documents. For terms related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123; for terms related to protective clothing,refer to Terminology
20、 F1494; and for terms related to bodydimensions, refer to Terminology D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 burn injury, nthermal damage which occurs tohuman skin at various depths and is a function of localtemperature and time.3.2.1.1 DiscussionBurn injury in human tissue occurswhen the tissue is heated abov
21、e a critical temperature (44 C(317.15 K or 111 F). Thermal burn damage to human tissuedepends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above thecritical value and the duration that the temperature is above thecritical value. Thus, damage can occur during both the heatingand cooling phases of an expo
22、sure. The degree of burn injury(second or third degree) depends on the maximum depth withinthe skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degreeburn injury is considered minor relative to second-degree andthird-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation oftest specimens in
23、this test method (see Appendix X1).3.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of clothing, the fireexposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distribution, engulfing the manikin for acontrolled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propanejet dif
24、fusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orangeflame with accompanying black smoke (soot).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the fire testing of clothing, aspatial distribution of incident flames from burners to providea controlled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 heat flux, nth
25、e heat flow rate through a surface ofunit area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (kW/m2)(cal/scm2).3.2.4.1 DiscussionTwo different heat fluxes are referred toin this test method: incident and absorbed. The incident heatflux refers to the energy striking the nude manikin, or theexterior of
26、the test specimen when mounted on the manikin,during flame engulfment. The absorbed heat flux refers to onlythe portion of the incident heat flux which is absorbed by eachthermal energy sensor based on its absorption characteristics.The incident heat flux is used in setting the required exposurecond
27、itions, while the absorbed heat flux is used in calculatingthe predicted skin burn injury.3.2.5 instrumented manikin, nin the fire testing ofclothing, a structure designed and constructed to represent anadult-size human and which is fitted with thermal energy (heatflux) sensors at its surface.3.2.5.
28、1 DiscussionThe manikin is fabricated to specifieddimensions from a high-temperature-resistant material (see6.1). The instrumented manikin used in fire testing of clothingis fitted with at least 100 thermal energy sensors, distributedover the manikin surface. The feet and hands are not normallyfitte
29、d with sensors. If the feet and hands are equipped withsensors, it is up to the user to define a procedure to interpret theresults.3.2.6 predicted second-degree burn injury, na calculatedsecond-degree burn injury to skin based on measurementsmade with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor th
30、e purposes of this standard, pre-dicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injurymodel parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Somelaboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an areato each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction isassumed to occur; others, wit
31、h equally spaced sensors, haveequal areas for each sensor.3.2.7 predicted third-degree burn injury, na calculatedthird-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements madewith a thermal energy sensor.3.2.7.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, pre-dicted third-degree burn injury is defined
32、 by the burn injurymodel parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Somelaboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an areato each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction isassumed to occur; others, with equally spaced sensors, haveequal areas for each sensor.3.2.8 predicted to
33、tal burn injury, nin the fire testing ofclothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermalenergy sensors registering a predicted second-degree or pre-dicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage (see13.5).3.2.9 second-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (liv-ing cell deat
34、h) of the epidermis skin layer (see Appendix X1).3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St.,Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5Avail
35、able from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 1823.2.10 thermal energy sensor, na device which producesan output suitable for calculating incident and absorbed heatfluxes.3.2.10.1 DiscussionTypes of sensors which have beenu
36、sed successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buriedtemperature measurements, and circular foil heat flux gauges.Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia ofhuman skin and some do not. The known sensors in current usehave relatively small detection areas. An assumption is madef
37、or the purposes of this method that thermal energy measuredin these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surroundingsurface areas so that the overall manikin surface can beapproximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resultingsensor-predicted burn injury applies to the extrapolated cover-ag
38、e area. Some laboratories assign different coverage areas toeach sensor over which the same burn injury prediction isassumed to apply; others, with equally spaced sensors, haveequal areas for each sensor (see 6.2.2.1).3.2.11 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizesthe overall performance
39、 of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it retards thermal energy that issufficient to cause a predicted second-degree or predictedthird-degree burn injury.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThermal protection of a garment orensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury (second-degree an
40、d third-degree), is quantified from the response of thethermal energy sensors and use of a skin burn injury predictionmodel. In addition to the calculated results, the physicalresponse and degradation of the garment or protective clothingensemble is an observable phenomenon useful in understand-ing
41、garment or protective clothing ensemble thermal protec-tion.3.2.12 third-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (liv-ing cell death) of the epidermis and dermis skin layers (seeAppendix X1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements andsubjective observations that
42、 characterize the performance ofsingle-layer garments or protective clothing ensemblesmounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin. Theconditioned test specimen is placed on the instrumentedmanikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to apropane-air diffusion flame with controlled
43、heat flux, flamedistribution, and duration. The average incident heat flux is84 kWm2(2 cal/scm2), with durations up to 20 s.4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calculation ofresults, and preparation of parts of the test report are performedwith computer hardware and software programs. The comp
44、lex-ity of the test method requires a high degree of technicalexpertise in the test setup and operation of the instrumentedmanikin and the associated data collection and analysis soft-ware.4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the testspecimen during and after the exposure is measured by t
45、hermalenergy sensors located at the surface of the manikin. Acomputer-based data acquisition system is used to store thetime varying output from the sensors over a preset timeinterval.4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate theincident heat flux and the absorbed heat flux and their v
46、ariationwith time for each sensor. The calculated absorbed heat fluxand its variation with time is used to calculate the temperaturewithin human skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) as afunction of time. The temperature history within the skin andsubcutaneous layers (adipose) is used to predict th
47、e onset andseverity of human skin burn injury. The computer softwarecalculates the predicted second-degree and predicted third-degree burn injury and the total predicted burn injury resultingfrom the exposure.4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree,predicted third-degree, and predicted
48、 total burn injury iscalculated by dividing the total number of sensors indicatingeach of these conditions by the total number of sensors on themanikin. Alternately, the overall percentages are calculatedusing sensor area-weighted techniques for facilities with non-uniform sensor coverage.Areporting
49、 is also made of the aboveconditions where the areas that are not covered by the testspecimen are excluded (see 13.5.1 and 13.5.2). This testmethod does not include the 12 % of body surface arearepresented by the unsensored manikin feet and hands. Nocorrections are applied for their exclusion.4.6 The visual and physical changes to the test specimen arerecorded to aid in understanding overall performance and howthe resulting burn injury results can be interpreted.4.7 Identification of the test specimen, test conditions,comments and remarks about the te
