1、Designation: F1962 051An American National StandardStandard Guide forUse of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement ofPolyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, IncludingRiver Crossings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1962; the number immediately following the desi
2、gnation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEq 11 was editorially revised in Marc
3、h 2010.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the design, selection consider-ations, and installation procedures for the placement of poly-ethylene pipe or conduit below ground using maxi-horizontaldirectional drilling equipment. The pipes or conduits may beused for various applications including telecomm
4、unications,electric power, natural gas, petroleum, water lines, sewer lines,or other fluid transport.1.2 Horizontal directional drilling is a form of trenchlesstechnology. The equipment and procedures are intended tominimize surface damage, restoration requirements, and dis-ruption of vehicular or m
5、aritime traffic with little or nointerruption of other existing lines or services. Mini-horizontaldirectional drilling (min-HDD) is typically used for the rela-tively shorter distances and smaller diameter pipes associatedwith local utility distribution lines. In comparison, maxi-horizontal directio
6、nal drilling (maxi-HDD) is typically used forlonger distances and larger diameter pipes common in majorriver crossings. Applications that are intermediate to themini-HDD or maxi-HDD categories may utilize appropriate“medi” equipment of intermediate size and capabilities. In suchcases, the design gui
7、delines and installation practices wouldfollow those described for the mini- or maxi-HDD categories,as judged to be most suitable for each situation.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation purposes only.1.4 This
8、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of the regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 6contains g
9、eneral safety information related to the use ofmaxi-horizontal directional drilling equipment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD1586 Test Method for Pene
10、tration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2435 Test Methods f
11、or One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2447 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe,Schedules 40 and 80, Based on Outside DiameterD2513 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Gas PressurePipe, Tubing, and FittingsD2657 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of
12、Polyolefin Pipeand FittingsD2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained TriaxialCompression Test on Cohesive SoilsD3035 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe(DR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside DiameterD4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Saturated Cohesive So
13、ils Using Controlled-Strain LoadingD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic PipingSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 on TrenchlessPlastic Pipeline Technology.Current edition approved
14、 April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Last previousedition approved in 1999 as F196299. DOI: 10.1520/F1962-05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the st
15、andards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCom
16、pression Test for Cohesive SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterF714 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe(SDR-PR) Based on Outside DiameterF1804 Practice for DeterminingAllowable Tensile Load forP
17、olyethylene (PE) Gas Pipe During Pull-In Installation2.2 Other Standards:ANSI Preferred Number Series 10ANSI/EIA/TIA-590 Standard for Physical Location andProtection of Below-Ground Fiber Optic Cable Plant3OSHA-3075 Controlling Electrical Hazards4TR-NWT-000356 Generic Requirements for Optical CableI
18、nnerduct53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 horizontal directional drilling, HDD, na techniquefor installing pipes or utility lines below ground using asurface-mounted drill rig that launches and places a drill stringat a shallow angle to the surface and has tracking and steeringcapabilities.3.1.1.
19、1 DiscussionThe drill string creates a pilot bore holein an essentially horizontal path or shallow arc which maysubsequently be enlarged to a larger diameter during a second-ary operation which typically includes reaming and thenpullback of the pipe or utility line. Tracking of the initial borepath
20、is accomplished by a manually operated overhead receiveror a remote tracking system. Steering is achieved by control-ling the orientation of the drill head which has a directionalbias and pushing the drill string forward with the drill headoriented in the direction desired. Continuous rotation of th
21、edrill string allows the drill head to bore a straight path. Theprocedure uses fluid jet or mechanical cutting, or both, with alow, controlled volume of drilling fluid flow to minimize thecreation of voids during the initial boring or backreamingoperations. The drilling fluid helps stabilize the bor
22、e hole,remove cuttings, provide lubricant for the drill string andplastic pipe, and cool the drill head. The resultant slurrysurrounds the pipe, typically filling the annulus between thepipe and the bored cavity.3.1.2 maxi-horizontal directional drilling, maxi-HDD, naclass of HDD, sometimes referred
23、 to as directional drilling, forboring holes of up to several thousand feet in length andplacing pipes of up to 48 in. (114 m) diameter or greater atdepths up to 200 ft (60 m).3.1.2.1 DiscussionMaxi-HDD is appropriate for placingpipes under large rivers or other large obstacles (Fig. 1).Tracking inf
24、ormation is provided remotely to the operator ofthe drill rig by sensors located towards the leading end of thedrill string. Cutting of the pilot hole and expansion of the holeis typically accomplished with a bit or reamer attached to thedrill pipe, which is rotated and pulled by the drilling rig.3.
25、1.3 mini-horizontal directional drilling, mini-HDD, naclass of HDD, sometimes referred to as guided boring, forboring holes of up to several hundred feet in length and placingpipes of typically 12 in. (300 mm) or less nominal diameter atdepths typically less than 25 ft (7 m).3.1.3.1 DiscussionMini-H
26、DD is appropriate for placinglocal distribution lines (including service lines or laterals)beneath local streets, private property, and along right-of-ways.The creation of the pilot bore hole and the reaming operationsare typically accomplished by fluid jet cutting or the cuttingtorque provided by r
27、otating the drill string, although mudmotors powered by the drilling fluid are sometimes used forhard or rocky soil conditions. The use of such mud motorswould only be applicable for the larger mini-HDD machines.The locating and tracking systems typically require a manuallyoperated overhead receiver
28、 to follow the progress of the initialpilot bore. The receiver is placed above the general vicinity ofthe drill head to allow a determination of its precise locationand depth, indicate drill head orientation for determiningsteering information to be implemented from the drill rig.3.1.4 pipe dimensio
29、n ratio, DR, nthe average specifieddiameter of a pipe divided by the minimum specified wallthickness.3.1.4.1 DiscussionFor pipes manufactured to a controlledoutside diameter (OD), the DR is the ratio of pipe outer3Available from the Electronics IndustriesAssociation, 2001 PennsylvaniaAve.,N.W., Wash
30、ington, DC, 20006.4Available from the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20210.5Available from Bellcore, 60 New England Ave., Room 1B252, Piscataway, NJ,08854-4196.FIG. 1 Maxi-HDD for Obstacle (for example, River) CrossingF1962 0512diameter to min
31、imum wall thickness. The standard dimensionratio (SDR) is a specific ratio of the outside diameter to theminimum wall thickness as specified by ANSI PreferredNumber Series 10.NOTE 1Lower DR values correspond to thicker, stronger pipes.4. Preliminary Site Investigation4.1 General ConsiderationsAmaxi-
32、HDD project, such asthat associated with a river crossing, is a major event that willrequire extensive and thorough surface and subsurface inves-tigations. Qualified geotechnical engineers should perform thework for the owner in preparation for planning and designingof the bore route. The informatio
33、n should also be provided tothe potential contractors to provide guidance for the biddingstage and subsequent installation. The contractor may performadditional investigations, as desired. Since typical maxi-HDDprojects represent river crossings, the following procedures aredescribed in terms of the
34、 specific investigations and issuesarising in such cases. The general procedures, however, may beappropriately interpreted to also apply to non-river crossings,such as under land-based obstacles including highways, rail-ways, etc.4.2 Surface Investigation (1, 2)64.2.1 Topographic SurveyA survey shou
35、ld be conductedto accurately define the working areas described in 4.1 for theproposed crossing site. Horizontal and vertical references mustbe established for referencing hydrographic and geotechnicaldata. The survey should typically include overbank profiles onthe anticipated path center-line, ext
36、ending about 150 ft (75 m)landward of the bore entry point to the length of the (pre-fabricated) pull section landward of the bore exit point. Thesurvey information should be related to topographical featuresin the vicinity of the proposed crossing. Existing topographicalinformation may be available
37、 from the U.S. Geological Survey,or Federal, state, or county publications. Aerial photographs orordnance surveys may be useful, especially for crossingland-based obstacles in urban areas, since these may indicatethe presence of demolished buildings and the possibility of oldfoundations, as well any
38、 filled areas (3). It is also necessary tocheck available utility records to help identify the preciselocation of existing below-ground facilities in the vicinity,including electric power, natural gas, petroleum, water, sewer,or telecommunications lines. The presence of existing pipe-lines, support
39、pilings, etc., containing significant steel massshould be noted since this may cause interference with mag-netically sensitive equipment guidance or location instrumen-tation.4.2.1.1 Drill Rig (Bore Entry) SideThe available arearequired on the side of the drill rig must be sufficient for the rigitse
40、lf and its ancillary equipment. In general, the size of therequired area on the rig side will depend upon the magnitude ofthe operation, including length of bore and diameter of pipe tobe placed. Typically, a temporary workspace of approximately150 ft (45 m) width by 250 ft (75 m) length will be suf
41、ficient.These dimensions may vary from 100 by 150 ft (30 by 45 m)for shorter crossings of 1000 ft (300 m) or less, to 200 by 300ft (60 by 90 m) for medium or long crossings.4.2.1.2 Water SupplyWater storage and facilities for mix-ing, storing, and pumping drilling fluid will require significantspace
42、. Although it is standard practice to draw fresh waterfound at the location for mixing the drilling fluid, alternatewater supplies may be required to obtain proper drilling fluidcharacteristics. Hard or salty water is undesirable, althoughadditives may be used to create the proper pH value. It may b
43、enecessary to provide access for trucks to transport water or toprovide for the installation of a relatively long surface pipe orhose connecting a remote hydrant.4.2.1.3 Pipe (Bore Exit) SideAssuming the pipe to beplaced is too large a diameter to be supplied on a reel (forexample, larger than 6 in.
44、 (150 mm), sufficient space isrequired at the side opposite that of the drill rig, where the borewill exit and the pipe be inserted, to accommodate a continuousstraight length of pre-fabricated pipe. The space for the straightlength will begin approximately 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) fromthe anticipa
45、ted bore exit and extend straight landward at awidth of 35 to 50 ft (10 to 15 m), depending upon the pipediameter. In the immediate vicinity of the bore exit (pipeentry), an area of typically 50 ft (15 m) width by 100 ft (30 m)length is required; for relatively large diameter pipes (largerthan 24 in
46、. (600 mm), or in cases of difficult soil conditions, anarea of 100 ft (30 m) width by 150 ft (45 m) length should beprovided.4.2.2 Hydrographic/Potamological SurveyFor crossingsignificant waterways, a survey should be conducted to accu-rately describe the bottom contours and river stability toestab
47、lish suitability for the design life of the pipeline. Typi-cally, depths should be established along the anticipatedcenter-line, and approximately 200 ft (60 m) upstream anddownstream; closer readings may be required if it is necessaryto monitor future river activity. Consideration should be givento
48、 future changes in river bank terrain. Washouts, bankmigrations, or scour can expose pipe.4.2.3 Drilling Fluid DisposalThe means for disposal ofthe drilling fluid wastes must be considered. The volume ofdrilling fluid used will depend upon the soil characteristics butis typically on the order of 1 t
49、o 3 times the volume of removedsoil. Most drilling fluids use bentonite or polymer additiveswhich are not generally considered to be hazardous. However,local regulations should be followed regarding disposal.4.2.3.1 Drilling Fluid RecirculationOccasionally, drillingfluid recirculation is used to reduce overall material anddisposal costs. If drilling fluid recirculation is contemplated, ameans must be considered for transporting any fluid exhaustedfrom the opposite (bore exit) side, during the pullback opera-tion, to the rig side. This may be accomplished by tru
