1、Designation: F436 11F436/F436M 16Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers Inch and Metric Dimensions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436;F436/F436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification cover
3、s the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use withfasteners having nominal thread diameters of 14 through 4 in. and M12 through M100. These washers are intended forgeneral-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internall
4、y and externally threaded fasteners. Thesewashers are suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A325, A354, A449, and A490F3125.1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the material and material, by style denoting the shape.shape, and by inch ormetric dimensions.1.2.1 The type
5、s of washers covered are:1.2.1.1 Type 1Carbon steel.1.2.1.2 Type 3Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to that ofsteels covered in Specifications A588/A588M and A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these steels issubstantiall
6、y better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to the atmosphere,these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for many applications.1.2.1.3 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 to chemical composition or a Corrosion Index (CRI) of 6 or hig
7、her atthe suppliers option.1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:1.2.2.1 CircularCircular washers in nominal bolt sizes 14 through 4 in. and M12 through M100 suitable for applications wheresufficient space exists and angularity permits.1.2.2.2 BeveledBeveled washers are square or rectangular, in n
8、ominal sizes 12 through 112 in., M12 through M16, with abeveled 1 to 6 ratio surface for use with American standard beams and channels.1.2.2.3 ClippedClipped washers are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.1.2.2.4 Extra ThickExtra thick washers ar
9、e circular washers in nominal sizes 12 through 1412 in., with a nominal thicknessof 516 in. suitable for structural applications with oversized holes.1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Terminology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units either
10、 inch-pound units for inch fasteners and SI units for metric fasteners and are tobe regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this separately as standard.The values stated in each systemmay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the
11、other. Combining values from the twosystems may result in non-conformance with the standard.NOTE 1A complete metric companion to Specification F436M has been developedSpecification F436M; therefore no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address
12、 all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
13、ee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivetsand Washers.Current edition approved May 15, 2011Sept. 1, 2016. Published June 2011October 2016. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asF436 10.F436 11. DOI: 10.
14、1520/F0436-11.10.1520/F0436_F0436M-16This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM re
15、commends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (Withdrawn 2016)3A354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Extern
17、ally Threaded FastenersA449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength,General UseA490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (Withdrawn 2016)3A588/A588M Specification for Hi
18、gh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum Yield Point, withAtmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for BridgesA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsB695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc
19、Mechanically Deposited on Iron and SteelD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric) (Withdrawn 2016)3F606F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets (Metric) F
20、0606_F0606M Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF1136F1136/F1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coatings for FastenersF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance InspectionF1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF2329 Specifi
21、cation for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements forApplication to Carbon andAlloy Steel Bolts, Screws,Washers,Nuts, and Special Threaded FastenersF3125 Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, Steel and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 120 ksi (830 MPa) and 150 ksi(1040 MPa) Minimum Tensile Streng
22、th, Inch and Metric DimensionsG101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specification shall include the following:3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces
23、by size),3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2),3.1.3.1 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),3.1.3.2 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type 3 washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser.3.1.4 Zinc CoatingSpecify the zinc coating process required, for exa
24、mple, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, Zinc/AluminiumCorrosion Protective Coating, or no preference When galvanized or zinc/aluminum washers are specified, specify, the type ofgalvanizing, such as hot-dip or mechanical (see 4.3),3.1.4.1 When the type of galvanizing is not specified, the manufacturer
25、, at his option, may furnish hot-dip or mechanicallygalvanized washers.3.1.4.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required, Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if modified from those covered in this specification,3.1.5.1 Stan
26、dard thickness shall be supplied unless extra thick is specified.3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is required,3.1.7 Specify if manufacturers certification or test reports, or both, are required, and3.1.8 Special requirements.3.1.9 Surface roughness control (See S1).4. Materials an
27、d Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace process.4.2 Washers up to and including 112 in. in bolt size for inch fasteners and M36 for metric fasteners, shall be through hardened.Washers over 112 in. for inch fast
28、eners and M36 for metric fasteners, may be either through hardened or carburized at the optionof the manufacturer.4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited, Zinc/AluminiumZinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating:4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchaser shall specify t
29、he zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip,mechanically deposited, Zinc/AluminiumZinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating, or no preference.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsv
30、olume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.F436/F436M 1624.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinc coated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the requirements ofSpecification F2329.4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washe
31、rs shall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process inaccordance with the requirements of Class 55 of Specification B695.4.3.4 When Zinc/AluminiumZinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating is specified, the washers shall be coated inaccordance with the requirements of Grade 3 of Specificati
32、on F1136F1136/F1136M.4.3.5 When no preference is specified, the supplier may furnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance with SpecificationF2329, or a mechanically deposited zinc coating in accordance with Specification B695, Class 55, or a Zinc/AluminiumZinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Co
33、ating in accordance with Specification F1136F1136/F1136M, Grade 3. Threaded components(bolt and nuts) shall be coated by the same zinc-coating process and the suppliers option is limited to one process per item withno mixed processes in a lot.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they
34、shall be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to thepurchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 washers shall conform to the chemical composition specified in Table 1.5.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the heat analysis specified in Table 1.Alternatively, at the suppliers opti
35、on, Type 3 washershaving a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of 0.25%, Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a Corrosion Index of 6or higher as calculated from the Heat Analysis as described in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the data of Larabee andCoburn shall be accepted.5.3 For Type 1
36、 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Compositions in Table 1, Product Analysis may be made by the purchaser onfinished washers representing each lot. The Chemical CompostionComposition shall conform to the requirements in Table 1,Product Analysis.5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washers
37、 furnished to a CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat Analysis.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the ho
38、t-dip process, in whichcase they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3BPhosphorus, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0400.0500.0400.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0500.0600.0500.055SiliconHeat analysisProduct analysis. .
39、. . .0.150.350.130.37ChromiumHeat analysisProduct analysis. . . . .0.450.650.420.68NickelHeat analysisProduct analysis. . . . .0.250.450.220.48CopperHeat analysisProduct analysis. . . . .0.250.450.220.48A When providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use theLegault-Leckie formula
40、from Guide G101. Link to online calculator:http:/www.astm.org/COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xlsI526.01 s%Cud13.88 s%Nid11.20 s%Crd11.49 s%Sid117.28 s%Pd 27.29 s%Cud s%Nid29.10 s%Nid s%Pd 233.39 s%Cud2B Weathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steelslisted in Table 2 of Specifi
41、cation A325A588/A588M and F3125.F436/F436M 1636.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimum depth of 0.015 in. (inch series) or 0.38 mm (metric series) and shallhave a surface hardness of 69 to 73 HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, in which case theyshal
42、l have a hardness of 63 to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimum core hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 34. (inch washers)and Ta
43、ble 5 and Table 7(metric washers).7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4. (inchwashers) and Table 6 and Table 7 (metric washers). In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular beveled washers shallconform to t
44、he dimensions shown in the appropriate Table 3 and Table 4, (inch washers) or Table 6 and Table 7 (metric washers)except that one side may be longer than shown for the “A” dimension.7.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diameter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sectio
45、ns. On thepunch entry side of the washer there is some drawing in of the material resulting in a rounded corner section, following which isa substantially parallel a burnished depth section, and finally at the exit side a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallelsided burnished depth sec
46、tion of the washer inside diameter shall be within the limits specified in Table 2, however, the specifiedmaximum inside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on the breakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25 % ofthe specified maximum washer thickness for each size.7.4 Unless otherwise s
47、tated in the inquiry or purchase order, plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall be furnished.Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required, washers shall be coated as agreed upon between the manufacturer and thepurchaser.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be fr
48、ee of excess mill scale, excess coatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces.Arc and gas cut washersshall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met in continuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturer shall makesampl
49、e inspections to ensure that the product conforms to the specified requirements.Each lot shall be tested by the manufacturerprior to shipment in accordance with the lot control as described in 9.4.1 Additional testsand 9.4.2 ofand Table 6individualshipments of material are not ordinarily contemplated. .9.1.1 When supplied by a source other than the manufacturer or processed by an outside supplier, the responsible party shallassure that all tests have been performed and the washers conform to this specification.9.2 When specified in the purcha
