1、Designation: F 875 94 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Large Area Density and Background on OfficeCopiers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 875; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the description and method ofuse for a density and background test target for
3、office copierimage evaluation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitation
4、s prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryF 335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF 360 Practice for Image Evaluation of Electrosta
5、tic Busi-ness Copies2.2 ASTM Adjunct:Density Target Test Sheets32.3 ANSI Standards:PH 2.17 Density measurementsGeometric conditions forreflection density4PH 2.18 Density measurementsSpectral conditions43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminolog
6、y F 335.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The standard test target is used to evaluate copy densityand background. The method of image evaluation using thistest target is given.5. Significance and Use5.1 The copy image quality is affected by many factors;including the copier, supplies, and environmental
7、conditions.The density and background image quality is particularlysignificant relative to aesthetic appearance, the visual impres-sion of blackness, and the ability to distinguish informationfrom background.5.2 The test target may also be used to evaluate the copier orsupplies.6. Apparatus6.1 Refle
8、ction Densitometer, meeting the requirements ofANSI PH 1.17 and PH 1.18, capable of measuring the smallestsolid circle (of the test target) which has a diameter of 6 mm.6.2 Reflectometer, meeting the requirements of Test MethodE 1347.7. Materials7.1 Test Target, for the evaluation of density and bac
9、k-ground image quality. It shall have the same configuration andlayout as shown in Fig. 1.38. Precautions8.1 This test target can be used to measure density andbackground for different copier conditions (machine adjust-ment, machine configuration, supplies, environment, etc.).Careful notation of the
10、se conditions should be made so thatcomparison tests can be made.8.2 The color and type of copy paper used will affect thedensity and background measurements.8.3 The method of fixing (fusing) of the image on the copymay affect the degree of gloss and may affect the differencebetween the perceived de
11、nsity and measured reflective density.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapprov
12、ed in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 875 94(2003)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
13、 website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF0875. Original adjunct produced in 1994.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
14、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.9. Procedure9.1 Using the test target in 7.1, establish a procedure(Practice F 360) for producing copies in a controlled manner.Evaluate the copy system at the site of its proposed installationunder the line voltage conditions which normal
15、ly apply. Read,understand, and follow the manufacturers instructions onoperation of the copier.9.1.1 Load supplies into the copier. Follow manufacturersdirections for adjustments of various controls.9.1.2 Turn on the copier.9.1.3 Set exposure control, if one is provided, to either endof the exposure
16、 range.9.1.4 Using test target, make a copy. Note exposure setting,if copier has an exposure control, and date on copy, as well asinformation concerning temperature and relative humidity.9.1.5 Vary exposure control, if one is provided, and makecopies at various settings. Note setting, date, temperat
17、ure andrelative humidity on each copy. If an exposure control isprovided, it must always be varied from the same direction.9.1.6 Visually determine optimum setting of any controls,that is the one yielding the best copy, in your opinion.9.1.7 At the optimum setting, make the number of copiesthat woul
18、d constitute a normal length of run. This will allowcomparison of copy uniformity. The test target should beplaced or fed into the copier in the same orientation each timeand the optimum exposure setting must be set from the samedirection on the exposure control device, should one beavailable.9.1.8
19、At the optimum setting, reverse the orientation of thetest original placed or fed into the copier and make a copy. Thiscan then be compared to previous copies to determine possibleoriginal orientation variations.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Reflection Density Measurements:10.1.1 CalibrationDens
20、itometer shall be calibrated bymanufacturers procedures.10.1.2 Density MeasurementsAminimum of three densitymeasurements shall be made on the imaged copies of the testtarget. The smallest circle in each of three arrays shall bemeasured and an average value shall be used. The measure-ment should be m
21、ade at the center of each circle and anyobvious imperfections avoided. Additional measurements onthe larger circles may be used and equivalent circles averaged.Higher density in the larger circles indicates better solid areafill-in.NOTE 1Densitometers are available in a variety of apertures. Theidea
22、l aperture is approximately one half the diameter of the smallest circle.If the instrument is equipped with a smaller aperture, a sufficient numberof readings must be taken to ensure a valid value.10.2 Background Percent Reflectance Measurements:10.2.1 CalibrationReflectometer shall be calibrated by
23、manufacturers procedures.10.2.2 Background reflectance measurements shall be ob-tained by measuring the reflectance in each of the threeenclosed white circular areas on the imaged copy of the testtarget. The average of at least three values shall be used. Ifsignificant variation in the values is not
24、ed, the number ofmeasurements should be increased.10.2.3 The background reflectance change due to the copiercan be determined by calculating the difference between thevalue obtained in 10.2.2 and the average of the three valuesobtained using blank copy paper. The process may affect thesurface charac
25、teristics of the paper and therefore the reflec-tance reading.10.2.4 Comparison of background reflectance is difficultwhen different copy papers are used since the untoned paperreflectance may vary. A comparison may be made if thereflectance value for each paper determined from the back-ground areas
26、 is subtracted from the reflectance value obtainedfor each paper before the copy is made. This calculated valuefor each paper can be used to compare the overall backgroundwhen different papers are used. A higher calculated reflectancedifference indicates higher overall background.10.2.5 This measure
27、ment is useful to determine the overalluniform background and can not be used to determine isolatedlocalized particles in the nonprinted areas.10.3 Higher reflectivity indicates lower background andcleaner copy.11. Precision and Bias511.1 Precision:11.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo test results obtained by th
28、e sameoperator and test apparatus under essentially the same condi-tions may be expected 95 % of the time to agree with eachother to within 3 % of the average of the test results.11.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo test results obtained in differ-ent laboratories for the same sample of material may beexpected
29、 95 % of the time within 6 % of the average of the twotest samples.5Supporting data are available at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: F051001.FIG. 1 Configuration and Layout of Test TargetF 875 94 (2009)211.2 BiasThere is no acceptable reference material suit-able for determining the bias, therefore b
30、ias cannot be deter-mined.12. Keywords12.1 copier background; copier image density; imagequalityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determin
31、ation of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or wit
32、hdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that yo
33、ur comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 875 94 (2009)3
