1、Designation: F 2130 09Standard Test Method forMeasuring Repellency, Retention, and Penetration of LiquidPesticide Formulation Through Protective ClothingMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe health and safety of agricultural workers involved in the mixi
3、ng, loading and application ofliquid pesticides can be affected by dermal exposure to liquid pesticide formulations. Use of protectiveclothing can assist in minimizing the danger of contact with potentially harmful pesticides. Nonporousmaterials that provide excellent protection to the user are usua
4、lly not suitable for many agriculturalenvironments in which there is a potential for heat stress. Therefore, garments made of porousmaterials that can provide a balance between risk from pesticide exposure and user comfort can alsobe used as personal protective equipment (PPE) for agricultural worke
5、rs. The movement of liquidpesticides through these materials is primarily a result of penetration through spaces between fibersand interstices between yarns. As these materials provide protection either by repelling or retainingliquid pesticide, the measurement of these properties is also important.
6、 This test method is used tomeasure repellency, retention, and penetration of liquid pesticides through protective clothingmaterials.The degree of contamination depends on numerous factors such as type of exposure, applicationtechnique, and pesticide formulation. Worker exposure to liquid pesticides
7、 can range from lowexposure caused by spray drift to high exposure as in the case of an accidental spill while mixing orhandling of concentrates. As the level of exposure can vary considerably, this test method is designedto rate relative performance of PPE materials at two levels of contamination.1
8、. Scope1.1 This test method measures repellency, retention andpenetration of a known volume of liquid pesticide whenapplied to protective clothing material. No external hydrostaticor mechanical pressure is applied to the test specimen during orafter the application of the liquid pesticide.1.2 This t
9、est method is designed to measure performance ofprotective clothing materials at two levels of contamination.Low level of contamination is achieved by applying 0.1-mLliquid formulation and high level by applying 0.2 mL.1.3 This test method does not measure resistance to perme-ation or degradation.1.
10、4 This test method is suitable for field strength pesticideformulations. This test method may not be suitable for testingprotective clothing materials against volatile pesticides.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of
11、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relatin
12、g to TextilesE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsF 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
13、teeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 2130 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
14、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 analytical technique, na procedure whereby theconcentration of the chal
15、lenge chemical in a collection mediumis quantitatively determined.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese techniques are often specific toindividual chemical and collection medium combinations.Applicable techniques include, but are not limited to, flameionization, photo ionization, electro-chemical, ultraviolet and
16、infrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid chromatography,colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, and radionuclidetagging/detection counting.3.1.2 coated fabric, nflexible material composed of atextile fabric and an adherent polymeric or other materialapplied to one or both surfaces.3.1.3 degra
17、dation, ndeleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingmaterials or items on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in c
18、losures, seams, interfaces and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in the materials assolids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation, nfor chemi
19、cal protective clothing, themovement of chemicals, as molecules, through protectiveclothing materials by the processes of (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the
20、 opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration.3.1.6 pesticide retention, namount of pesticide activeingredient retained in the protective clothing material.3.1.7 protective clothing, nan item of clothing that isspecifically designed
21、 and constructed for the intended purposeof isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.8 repellency, ncharacteristic to resist wetting andpenetration by a liquid.3.1.9 test chemical, nsolid, liq
22、uid, gas, or mixture thereof,used to evaluate the performance of a protective clothingmaterial.3.1.9.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method,test chemical is limited to liquid chemicals that are a mixtureof raw materials, including, but not limited to, active ingredi-ents, inert ingredients,
23、 and a base solvent used in pesticideformulation. Additional ingredients could include emulsifiersand surfactants. Solvents used in the formulation could bewater, isopropyl alcohol, or petroleum distillate. Solid materi-als (powders, granules, and so forth) may be dissolved oremulsified to form a li
24、quid or suspension. These formulationsmay be ready to use or concentrates that require dilution tofield strength. In some ultra-low volume applications, concen-trated oil-based formulations are used without dilution; testingfor this application is beyond the scope of this test method.3.1.10 For othe
25、r textile terminology see TerminologyD 123.3.1.11 For other protective clothing terminology see Termi-nology F 1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A pipettor is used to apply liquid pesticide to the surfaceof the test assembly. The test assembly consists of single- ormultiple-layer protective clothing
26、 material (test specimen) andan absorbent paper backed by polyethylene film (collectorlayer).4.1.1 Another absorbent paper backed by polyethylene filmis placed on the surface test specimen after a specified time toremove the remaining liquid.4.1.2 The contaminated test specimen, collector layer, and
27、paper used to remove liquid from the surface of the material areseparated and extracted.4.1.3 The extracts are analyzed quantitatively.4.1.4 Data are used to calculate percent repellency, pesticideretention, and penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used for laboratory scree
28、ning ofprotective clothing material used to manufacture garments andaccessories worn by pesticide workers.5.2 This test method can be used for the development andevaluation of new protective clothing materials.5.3 This test method can be used for the evaluation ofprotective clothing materials agains
29、t new pesticide formula-tions.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Apparatus and materials for contamination of test speci-men:6.1.1 Test Chemical, to contaminate the test specimen.NOTE 1Diluted and concentrated formulations can be used with thistest method.6.1.2 Pipettor, with disposable pipet tip, mounte
30、d on asupport stand, for pipetting 0.1 6 0.002 mL of liquid for lowcontamination level and 0.2 6 0.004 mL for high contamina-tion level.6.1.3 Specimen Holder, that consists of a base plate (100 by100 mm) and a cover plate (100 by 100 mm with a 60 by 60mm opening in the center). The specimen holder i
31、s made ofpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (4-mm thickness).6.1.4 Timer, accurate to 1 s.6.1.5 Absorbent Paper, two 80 by 80-mm squares of What-man Benchkote Plus3Paper (absorbent paper backed bypolyethylene film) per test specimen. One square is used tomeasure penetration, and the second to measure re
32、pellency.NOTE 2Substitutions are not recommended, as due to differences insorptive properties, use of absorbent papers other than Benchkote Plusmay affect the test results.3Whatman Benchkote Plus absorbent paper is available through scientificproducts suppliers or from Whatman Company. Information o
33、n the paper andsuppliers can be obtained from F21300926.1.6 Container, to discard contaminated materials.6.1.7 Fume Hood, with airflow control and a glass door6.2 Apparatus for Analysis Using Method A:6.2.1 Balance, accurate to 0.001 g.6.2.2 Tweezers.6.2.3 Transparency Film, a 100 by 100-mm square c
34、ut fromclear transparency film or similar material made of plastic film.6.3 Apparatus for Analysis Using Method B6.3.1 Solvent, appropriate for extraction of pesticide.NOTE 3Selection of the solvent is dependent on the pesticide and theanalytical method used. A minimum extraction efficiency of 95 %
35、isrequired. Procedure to calculate extraction efficiency is given in 11.2.1.Solvent with high volatility may not be appropriate, as there may beevaporation loss during handling operations.6.3.2 Airtight Chemically Resistant Flasks/Bottles, suitablefor extraction of pesticides.6.3.3 Tweezers.6.3.4 Ti
36、mer, to measure time in minutes.6.3.5 50 6 0.2 mL Graduated Cylinder, bottle-top dispenseror other apparatus for accurate measurement of solvent.6.3.6 Orbital Shaker.6.3.7 Airtight Chemically Resistant Bottles, for storage.7. Test Specimen7.1 Protective clothing material specimen may consist of asin
37、gle layer or a composite of multiple layers that is represen-tative of an actual protective clothing garment. Specimens withseams, closures, or other unions shall be cut such that thestitching is centered on the specimen. In each test the outersurface should be contaminated with the pesticide formul
38、ation.7.1.1 Each protective clothing material specimen shouldmeasure 80 by 80 mm.7.1.2 Aminimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachtest material. Random sampling procedures described in Prac-tice E 105 should be used for the selection of specimen.8. Selection of Analytical Technique8.1 The p
39、rocedure used to quantify the mass of testchemical/liquid in the test specimen and absorbent papers shallbe determined before conducting the tests. The selection ofprocedure for analysis is based on the liquid test chemicalselected.8.1.1 Gravimetric analysis can be used if the liquid testchemical ha
40、s (1) a low evaporation rate and (2) no filtration orselective retention of ingredients. Typically, pesticide formu-lations that are categorized as emulsifiable concentrates (rela-tively small particle size) and liquid concentrates (water-basedsolution concentrate with no particles) meet the criteri
41、a.8.1.2 Analytical techniques such as gas chromatography orhigh-pressure liquid chromatography can be used for formula-tions with an active ingredient. This requires extraction (inmost cases) and analysis of the active ingredient.8.1.3 Use Method A if the gravimetric method is used foranalysis. Use
42、Method B if the procedure requires extractionand analysis of active ingredient.9. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Materials9.1 Calibration of the Pipettor9.1.1 Calibration with Distilled Water9.1.1.1 Calibrate the pipettor by weighing 0.1 mL (0.2 mLfor higher contamination level) of distilled wate
43、r. Take tenreadings. The values shall be within the 2 % tolerance limits.9.1.2 Calibration with Liquid Test Chemical9.1.2.1 The pipettor shall be calibrated by each operatorbefore conducting the tests. Use the same tip to dispense thetest aliquot (0.1 or 0.2 mL) and record the weight to the thirddec
44、imal place (0.001). Take ten readings. Each value shall bewithin the 2 % tolerance limits. Calculate the mean of tenreadings. The mean value shall be used as the value for totalamount of the liquid test chemical applied for Method A in10.2.NOTE 4Experience of the operator in pipetting the liquid tes
45、t chemi-cal according to the procedure provided by the manufacturer is crucial.Inexperience in aspirating and dispensing the liquid test chemical canresult in errors. Electronic pipettors may reduce the error caused byoperator experience.NOTE 5The viscosity of the liquids may affect the amount dispe
46、nsed.Liquid buildup in the tip may occur for liquids that are more viscous. Incase of buildup, use fresh tip for each application or change as required,based on the results of the ten consecutive readings taken in 9.1.2.9.2 Preparation of the Test Assembly9.2.1 Mount the pipettor on the support stan
47、d and placeunder the fume hood.NOTE 6If the height of the container with the liquid test chemical isgreater than 25 mm, place the specimen holder on a raised platform so thetest chemical can be aspirated with ease.9.2.2 Place the collector layer with the absorbent side up onthe base plate of the spe
48、cimen holder. Then place the testspecimen, outside face uppermost, followed by the cover plate.Place the specimen holder with the specimen and collectorlayer horizontally below the pipettor. Adjust the height of thepipettor to a distance of 30 6 5 mm above specimen.NOTE 7A polymethyl methacrylate (P
49、MMA) cover plate prevents theedges of the material from curling and also ensures contact between thelayers.9.2.3 Mark the position of the specimen holder on the standor raised platform.9.3 Conditioning and Testing Conditions9.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, test specimens and absor-bent paper shall be conditioned and tested at (20 6 5C) and 606 10 % relative humidity for 24 h before testing.10. Method A10.1 Contamination of Specimen10.1.1 Weigh the test specimen and the two absorbentpapers and record the readings in grams to the third decimalplace (0
