1、Designation: F2209 10Standard Guide forTraining of Level I Land Search Team Member1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standardfor Level I land search team members as it relates to theirgeneral, field, and search specific
3、knowledge and skills.1.2 A Level I land search team member searches on thesurface of the land only. This guide does not provide theminimum training requirements for searching in partially orfully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, orunderground (such as caves, mines, and tunne
4、ls.)1.2.1 A Level I searcher may be used, with the abovelimitations, in remote areas including urban or disaster areasthat may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.1.3 A Level I land search team member is required to haveonly an overview level of knowledge of rescue as it pertains to“search
5、 and rescue.” No knots, rope, litter, or other rescueskills are required of a Level I land search team member.1.3.1 Basic rescue skills and knowledge are found in GuideF2751.1.4 Level I land search team members must work underdirect supervision of Level II searchers (Guide F2685) or otherexperienced
6、 search personnel.1.5 Level I land search team members are eligible to bemembers of Type II search teams or crews as defined inClassification F1993.1.5.1 Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained tothis guide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban), and KindC (mountainous) Kind J (evidence/c
7、adaver) and Kind K(missing aircraft).1.6 Further training may be required before a Level I landsearch team member can actually participate on a particularkind of search team, depending on authority having jurisdictionregulations or policies.1.7 Training and performance standards developed in theF32
8、committee refer to levels. Level one (I) is the basic orentrance level and numbers increase with increasing skills andknowledge.1.7.1 Levels are based on training and do not correspond toIncident Command System typing, which is based on capabil-ity.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all o
9、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1422 Guide for Using
10、the Incident Command SystemFramework in Managing Search and Rescue OperationsF1490 Terminology Relating to Search and RescueF1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on theGround and in Aircraft During Ground EmergenciesF1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1767 Guide for Forms Used for
11、Search and RescueF1993 Classification System of Human Search and RescueResourcesF2047 Practice for Workers Compensation Coverage ofEmergency Services VolunteersF2685 Guide for Training of a Level II Land Search TeamMemberF2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land RescueTeam Member (LRT-Support)
12、Member3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, see Termi-nology F1490, Guide F1633, Classification F1993, PracticeF2047, and other references within this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), n(1) the team,organizati
13、on, agency, or other entity which is using this guide;(2) The team, organization, agency, or other entity to which aperson being trained, tested, or evaluated belongs, if theinstructor, evaluator, or tester is not a member of the sameorganization.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
14、ee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F220903. DOI:10.1520/F2209-10.2For referenced ASTM s
15、tandards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
16、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 field, nthe location, away from the base or com-mand post, in which a land search team member is searching orperforming other tasks.3.2.3 field operations, nsearches and other tasks beingperformed away from the base or command post.3.2.4 land search team, na gro
17、up of individuals searchingon the surface of the earth.3.2.5 land search team member Level I, na member of aland search team who, as a minimum, meets the requirementsof this guide. These requirements define the basic, entry,awareness, or similar term level of land search knowledge andskills.3.2.6 no
18、rmal area of operation, nthe area(s) where anauthority having jurisdiction performs its search operations ona regular basis and area(s) of other organizations where theauthority having jurisdiction is frequently called to assist withsearch operations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes
19、 the minimum standard for train-ing land search team members as it relates to their general,field, and search specific knowledge and skills. A persontrained to this guide is a Level I land search team member.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Level I land searchteam member shall have met the re
20、quirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and agencieshaving jurisdiction that wish to identify the minimum trainingstandards for Level I land search team members.4.4 This guide is only the first level of training for landsearch personnel and as such, only establishes the
21、minimumknowledge and skills required for a person to perform landsearch.4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from addingadditional requirements for its own members.4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is onlyan outline of the topics required for training or evaluating aLev
22、el I land search team member, but it can be used to developa training document or program.4.6 It is up to the AHJ to determine the depth or detail oftraining to meet its needs.4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded
23、by a Level I land search team member or AHJ.4.8 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, itdoes not imply that a Level I land search team member is a“trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of anAHJ. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements andqualifications for m
24、ember ratings.4.9 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or otherdocument to determine if its content meets the necessary topicsfor training a Level I land search team member. Likewise, theguide can be used to evaluate an existing training program tosee if it meets the requirements of this guide.
25、4.10 The knowledge and skills requirements presented inthe following sections are not presented in any particular orderand do not represent a training sequence.4.11 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it isup to the AHJ, instructor, evaluator, or tester to determine thebest way to evalu
26、ate a persons knowledge. This may be bywritten exam, oral exam, demonstration, or by some combina-tion of the three.5. General Knowledge and SkillsA Level I land search team member shall:5.1 Explain AHJ regulations, policies, procedures, guide-lines, and so forth, with regards to:5.1.1 Callout or di
27、spatch to an incident.5.1.2 Checking in at an incident.5.1.3 Team mission briefing.5.1.4 Team mission debriefing.5.1.5 Demobilization and departing the incident.5.1.6 Member interface with the media.5.1.7 Working with other agencies or organizations.5.1.8 Insurance coverage.5.1.9 Driving procedures
28、and safety.5.2 Explain the legal aspects of SAR with respect to theAHJ for:5.2.1 Entering private property.5.2.2 Emergency response.5.2.3 Finding deceased individuals.5.2.4 Crime scenes.5.2.5 Subject, victim, witness, or patient confidentialityrequirements, including, but not limited to, the Health
29、Insur-ance Portability andAccountabilityAct (HIPAA) Privacy Rule.5.3 Describe the purposes of critical incident stress manage-ment and debriefing.5.4 Incident Command System:5.4.1 The Incident Command System (ICS) is used formanaging non-emergency and emergency incidents; GuideF1422 recommends the u
30、se of ICS for managing SAR opera-tions.5.4.2 Level I land search team members shall completeNational Incident Management System (NIMS) compliantintroductory training in ICS such as the National WildfireCoordinating Group (NWCG) I-100 Introduction to ICS,3United States Fire AdministrationNational Fir
31、e Academy(NFA) Q-462/ICS-100 Introduction to ICS for OperationalFirst Responders,4or Federal Emergency ManagementAgency(FEMA) Emergency Management Institute (EMI) IS-100Introduction to the Incident Command System.55.5 Personal Safety and Survival:5.5.1 Explain what the basic needs for survival are a
32、ndprioritize them.5.5.2 Describe the five ways in which the body loses heat,the concerns with these losses, and the ways to prevent them.3National Wildfire Coordinating Group, National Interagency Fire Center, 3833S. Development Avenue, Boise, ID 83705, http:/training.nwcg.gov/courses/i100.html4Fede
33、ral Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, 16825 S.Seton Ave., Emmitsburg, MD 21727 http:/www.nfaonline.dhs.gov/browse/index.shtm5Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute,16825 S. Seton Ave., Emmitsburg, MD 21727, http:/training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/IS100A.as
34、pF2209 1025.5.3 Describe the principles of layered clothing, the func-tion of each layer, and the advantages and disadvantages ofmaterials used in each layer.5.5.4 Describe considerations for choosing socks and foot-wear.5.5.5 Explain the basic considerations for emergency shel-ter.5.5.5.1 Build an
35、emergency shelter using only personal fieldequipment and materials found in the field.5.5.6 Build a sustainable fire using only personal fieldequipment and materials found in the field.5.5.7 Describe two methods of water purification.5.5.8 Discuss the considerations for types and quantity offood to
36、be carried in the field.5.5.9 Describe personal hygiene and sanitation consider-ations and techniques used in the field.5.5.10 Describe types of emergency signaling devices andthe advantages and disadvantages of each.5.5.10.1 Air-to-ground and ground-to-air signals are shownin Practice F1591.5.5.11
37、Describe the safety precautions for working aroundhelicopters.5.5.11.1 Describe AHJ required safety procedures for flyingas a passenger or crew member on helicopters and otheraircraft.5.5.12 Describe the safety precautions and procedures forhazardous materials, including illegal drug labs, that may
38、beencountered during a search.5.5.13 Describe safety precautions and procedures whenworking around still and swift water in the normal area ofoperations.5.5.14 The AHJ shall determine what physical performancerequirements are required for Level I land search team mem-bers and develop appropriate per
39、formance measurements.5.6 Environmental Concerns:5.6.1 Describe the signs, symptoms, and preventative mea-sures for the following:5.6.1.1 Cold related problems.5.6.1.2 Heat related problems.5.6.1.3 Dehydration.5.6.1.4 Fatigue and exhaustion.5.6.1.5 Blisters.5.6.1.6 Sunburn.5.6.1.7 Hazards in the nor
40、mal area of operations.(1) Plants (for example, adverse reactions to, encounterswith).(2) Wild and domestic animals (for example, bites, stings,encounters with).(3) Other (for example, snow blindness, altitude relatedproblems).5.6.2 Describe terrain hazards in the normal area of opera-tion.5.6.3 Dis
41、cuss the additional hazards of searching at night.5.6.4 Describe weather patterns and conditions that mayaffect a search in the normal area of operations.5.6.5 Describe the safety rules for lightning protection.5.6.6 Describe general and AHJ specific procedures to befollowed when searching in hazard
42、ous areas and conditions.5.7 First Aid and Medical:5.7.1 Explain blood-borne pathogens and body substanceisolation procedures.5.7.2 ALevel I land search team member shall have medicalor first aid training.5.7.2.1 The AHJ shall determine the required level ofmedical or first aid training.5.7.2.2 As a
43、 minimum, the medical or first aid training shallinclude:(1) Basic treatment for compromised airway, breathing,and circulation.(2) Basic treatment for common injuries experienced in thefield.(3) Basic treatment for the conditions listed in 5.6.1.5.8 Personal Equipment:5.8.1 Personal equipment necess
44、ary for a Level I landsearch team member to safely participate on a search varies bytype of search, team assignment, season, environment, andterrain. A Level I land search team member shall:5.8.1.1 Have appropriate clothing, outerwear, footwear, andpersonal field equipment based on these factors and
45、 AHJrequirements.5.8.1.2 Have a durable, hands-free method of carryingpersonal and team equipment into the field.5.8.1.3 Explain the reasons to carry, and explain or demon-strate the use of, all equipment the AHJ requires.5.8.2 To assist the AHJ or Level I land search team memberwith personal equipm
46、ent decisions,Appendix 1 contains equip-ment lists.5.8.2.1 Table X1.1 is a list of items to be considered forpersonal equipment.5.8.2.2 Table X1.2 is a list of suggested items for a personalfirst aid kit.5.8.2.3 Table X1.3 is a list of suggested items for a personalbase camp kit.5.9 Map, Compass, an
47、d Land Navigation:5.9.1 Explain the advantages and disadvantages betweenusing a large scale topographic map and a highway or streetmap which does not show topographic features.5.9.2 Identify and describe the meaning of five topographicmap symbols.5.9.3 Describe legend information and its use.5.9.4 E
48、xplain the significance of the following:5.9.4.1 Contour lines and their spacing.5.9.4.2 True north, magnetic North, and declination.5.9.5 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of thefollowing when used to determine a position:5.9.5.1 Latitude/Longitude.5.9.5.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
49、 Grid System.5.9.5.3 United States National Grid (USNG)5.9.5.4 References to features on a map.5.9.5.5 Any AHJ specified methods.5.9.6 Demonstrate the following navigational skills:5.9.6.1 Orient a map to North using terrain or a compass.5.9.6.2 Follow a compass heading (azimuth, bearing).5.9.6.3 Ability to estimate distance traveled in the field.5.9.6.4 Obtain an azimuth (bearing) in the field and plot itcorrectly on a map.F2209 1035.9.6.5 Obtain a azimuth (bearing) from a map and transferit correctly to the field.5.9.6.6 Determine and correctly give the coordinates o
