1、Designation: F2281 04 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forStainless Steel and Nickel Alloy Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, andStuds, for Heat Resistance and High TemperatureApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2281; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the chemical and mec
3、hanicalrequirements for stainless steel and nickel alloy bolts, hex capscrews, and studs,14 in. diameter and larger, intended for useat temperatures up to 1800F (982C), and in applicationswhere resistance to heat and the effects of high temperature areto be considered. See Appendix X1 for Service Ap
4、plication. Awide variety of materials are covered in this specificationwhich can be used at high temperatures as a function of thespecific alloy properties, as well as environmental require-ments including corrosive environments.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard
5、. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
6、rd to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on
7、Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to IntergranularAttack in Austenitic Stainles
8、s SteelsA276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA342/A342M Test Methods for Permeability of WeaklyMagnetic MaterialsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA484/A484M Specification for General Requirements forStainless Steel
9、 Bars, Billets, and ForgingsA493 Specification for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rodsfor Cold Heading and Cold ForgingA564/A564M Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA582/A582M Specification for Free-Machining StainlessSteel BarsA751 Test Method
10、s, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsB637 Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and ColdWorked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stockfor Moderate or High Temperature ServiceB880 Specification for General Requirements for ChemicalCheck Analysis Limits for
11、Nickel, Nickel Alloys andCobalt AlloysD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingE21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests ofMetallic MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE76 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Nickel-
12、CopperAlloys (Withdrawn 2003)3E139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic MaterialsE292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture NotchTension Tests of MaterialsE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other
13、Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.0
14、4 on NonferrousFasteners.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2281 04(2012).DOI: 10.1520/F2281-04R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
16、ocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ
17、ization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalProperties of Externally and Internally ThreadedFasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF788/F788M Specification for Surface Discontinuities ofBolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch an
18、d Metric SeriesF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance Inspection2.2 ASME Standards:B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads4B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, (Inch Series)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 heat resistanceextent to which a material r
19、etainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the materialto a specified temperature and environment for a specifiedtime.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 high temperaturedefined solely for the purpose ofthis document as a range in temperature from 500F (260C) to1800F
20、 (982C). Materials listed as high temperature alloys aredesigned to maintain their anticipated strength and character-istics within this range.4. Classification4.1 Three types of material, see Appendix X1 for serviceapplication, are covered in this specification and are classifiedinto the following:
21、4.1.1 Type IHeat resisting alloys for continuous serviceapplications:4.1.1.1 Class AAustenitic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation304 S30400304L S30403316 S31600316L S316034.1.1.2 Class BMartensitic grades:Alloy Grade UNS Designation410 S41000416 S41600431 S431004.1.1.3 Class CFerritic grades:Alloy G
22、rade UNS Designation430 S43000430F S430204.1.2 Type IIHeat resisting alloys for continuous andintermittent service applications:Alloy Grade UNS Designation309 S30900310 S31000321 S32100330 N08330347 S347004.1.3 Type IIIHigh temperature alloys for continuous andintermittent service applications:4.1.3
23、.1 Class ANickel based alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation600 N06600601 N066014.1.3.2 Class BPrecipitation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation660 S662864.1.3.3 Class CPrecipitation hardened alloy:Alloy Grade UNS Designation718 N077185. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, a
24、nd studs under thisspecification shall include the following information:5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date. When year date isnot specified, the latest issue shall be invoked;5.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces of each item),5.1.3 Item name (that is, bolt, hex cap screw, or stud),5.1.4 Size (nominal
25、diameter, threads per inch, length),5.1.5 Type, class, and alloy grade (see 4.1), and5.1.6 Condition (see 6.2.3).5.2 Orders for bolts, hex cap screws, and studs under thisspecification may include the following optional requirements:5.2.1 Forming (see 6.2.1),5.2.2 Thread type (see 6.2.2),5.2.3 Corro
26、sion tests (see 13.1.2.1),5.2.4 Finish (see 11.3),5.2.5 Test reports (see 19.2), and5.2.6 Supplementary Requirements, if any, to be specifiedon the order (see S1 through S8).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Material:6.1.1 Specifications A276, A484/A484M, A493, A564/A564M, A582/A582M, B637 are noted f
27、or information only assuitable sources of material for the manufacture of bolts, hexcap screws, and studs to this specification.6.1.2 The bolts, hex cap screws, and studs shall be manu-factured from material having a chemical composition con-forming to the requirements listed in Table 1 and capable
28、ofdeveloping the mechanical property requirements listed inTable 2 for the finished fastener.6.1.3 Various grades of material having unique heat resist-ing or high temperature characteristics are specified in thisspecification. A guide to their application is listed in AppendixX1 to assist in the se
29、lection of the fastener material.6.1.4 The form and condition of the raw material shall be atthe option of the manufacturer but shall be such that thefinished fastener conforms to all the specified requirements.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 FormingUnless otherwise specified, the fastenersshall be cold forme
30、d, hot formed, or machined from suitablematerial, at the option of manufacturer.6.2.2 ThreadsUnless otherwise specified, the threads shallbe rolled or cut, at the option of the manufacturer.6.2.3 ConditionThe fasteners shall be furnished in one ofthe following conditions and shall be agreed upon bet
31、ween themanufacturer and the purchaser at the time of the inquiry andorder.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.F2281 04 (2017)2Type Class ConditionI A A, CWA, HWAI B H, HTI C A,
32、CWA, HWAII . A, CWA, HWAIII A A,CWA,HWAIII B AH1, AH2 or AH3III C AH4ConditionA Machined from annealed or solution-annealed stock thusretaining the properties of the original materialCWA Cold formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock andthen re-annealedHWA Hot formed from annealed or solution-
33、annealed stock and thenre-annealedH Hardened and tempered at 1050F (565C) minimumHT Hardened and tempered at 525F (274C) minimumAH1 Solution treated at 1850F (1010C) and precipitationhardened (aging)AH2 Solution treated at 1700F (927C) and precipitation hardened(aging)AH3 Solution treated at 1850F (
34、1010C) and double agedAH4 Solution treated at 1725F (941C) to 1850F (1010C) andprecipitation hardened (aging)6.2.4 Heat Treatment:6.2.4.1 Condition A(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class A andType II ), shall be heated to 1850 to 1950F (1010 to 1066C),held for a sufficient time, then cooled at a rate suff
35、icient toprevent the precipitation of carbides and to provide thespecified properties.6.2.4.2 Condition A(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C), shallbe heated to 1400 to 1500F (760 to 816C), held for asufficient time, and then air cooled to provide the specifiedproperties.6.2.4.3 Condition A(Nickel Alloy
36、 Type III Class A), shallbe heated to 1600 to 1800F (871 to 982C), held for 10 to 15min, and either water quenched or air cooled.6.2.4.4 Condition CWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be cold formed from annealed or solutionannealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution anneal
37、ed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all cold working (includingheading and threading) has been completed.6.2.4.5 Condition CWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be cold formed from annealed or solution annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordanceTABLE 1 Chemical Requir
38、ementsComposition, % maximum except as shownAlloy Carbon Mang. Phos. Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Moly OtherType I, Class A, Heat Resisting Austenitic Grades304 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/10.5 1.00304L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0/20.0 8.0/12.0 1.00316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030
39、 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00316L 0.03 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0 10.0/14.0 2.00/3.00Type I, Class B, Heat Resisting Martensitic Grades410 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5/13.5416 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0/14.0 0.60431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0/17.0 1.25/2.50Type1, Class C,
40、Heat Resisting Ferritic Grades430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0/18.0430F 0.12 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 16.0/18.0 0.60Type II, Heat Resisting Austenitic Grades309 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0/24.0 12.0/15.0310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0/26.0 19.0/22.0321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0
41、 9.0/12.0 Ti5Cmin330 0.08 2.00 0.030 0.030 0.75/1.50 17.0/20.0 34.0/37.0347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0/19.0 9.0/13.0 Cb + Ta10 CminType III, Class A, High Temperature, Nickel Alloy Grades600 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 14.0/17.0 72.0 min 0.50 Fe 6.0/10.0601 0.10 1.00 0.015 0.50 21.0/25.0 58.0/63.0 1.0
42、0 Al 1.0/1.7Fe remainderType III, Class B, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade660 0.08 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 13.5/16.0 24.0/27.0 1.00/1.75 Ti 1.90/2.30V 0.10/0.50Al 0.35 maxB 0.003/0.010Fe remainderType III, Class C, High Temperature, Precipitation Hardened Grade718 0.08 0.35 0.015 0.015
43、0.35 17.0/21.0 50.0/55.0 0.30 2.80/3.30 Ti 0.65/1.15Co 1.00 maxAl 0.20/0.80B 0.006 maxCb + Ta 4.75/5.50Fe remainderF2281 04 (2017)3with 6.2.4.2 after all cold working (including heading andthreading) has been completed.6.2.4.6 Condition CWA(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A),shall be cold formed from an
44、nealed stock and then re-annealedin accordance with 6.2.4.3 after all cold working (includingheading and threading) has been completed.6.2.4.7 Condition HWA(Austenitic Alloys Type I Class Aand Type II), shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stock and then re-annealed or re-solution
45、annealed inaccordance with 6.2.4.1 after all hot forming has been com-pleted.6.2.4.8 Condition HWA(Ferritic Alloys Type I Class C),shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.2 after all hot forming has been complet
46、ed.6.2.4.9 Condition HWA(Nickel Alloy Type III Class A),shall be hot formed from annealed or solution-annealed stockand then re-annealed or re-solution annealed in accordancewith 6.2.4.3 after all hot forming has been completed.6.2.4.10 Condition H(Martensitic Alloys Type I Class B),shall be hardene
47、d by heating to 1800 to 1900F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air or oil quenched,then reheated to 1050F (565C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.11 Condition HT(Martensitic Alloys Type 1 ClassB), shall be hardened by heating to 1800 to 1900
48、F (982 to1038C), held for at least12 h and rapid air or oil quenched,then reheated to 525F (274C) minimum for at least1handair cooled to provide the specified properties.6.2.4.12 Condition AH1(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1800 to 1900F(982 to 1038C), he
49、ld for1hatheat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall be performed by heatingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.6.2.4.13 Condition AH2(Precipitation Hardened AlloyType III Class B), shall be solution treated at 1650 to 1750F(899 to 954C), held for 2 h at heat, then cooled rapidly.Precipitation hardening (aging) shall be performed by heatingto 1300 to 1400F (704 to 760C), holding for 12 to 16 h atheat then air cooled. See Note 1.NOT
