1、Designation: F2291 16Standard Practice forDesign of Amusement Rides and Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design ofamusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-ment rides and devices manufactured afte
3、r the effective date ofpublication except as noted in 1.2.1.2 This practice shall not apply to:1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (forexample, go karts, bumper cars, bumper boats),1.2.2 Artificial climbing walls,1.2.3 Air-supported structures,1.2.4 dry slides,1.2.5 coin operated rides,
4、1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-ful immersion of the patrons body partially or totally in thewater and involves more than incidental patron water contact(for example, pools, water slides, lazy rivers, interactiveaquatic play devices),1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices whose
5、design criteriaare specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected bya major modification,1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors andelectrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-vided the original design and safety c
6、riteria are maintained orenhanced, and1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effectivedate of publication of this practice if the design is serviceproven or previously compliant and the manufacturer provides:1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,device or major modification
7、, and1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is service proven orpreviously compliant as specified by Section 3.1.2.10.3 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifi-cations to amusement rides and devices may qualify as“previously compliant” for five years following the date ofpublication of this prac
8、tice. Thereafter, amusement rides anddevices, and major modifications to amusement rides anddevices must qualify as “service proven” or meet the require-ments of this practice.1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), whichprovides additional information (for example, rationale,background, in
9、terpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The annex informationshall be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),which provides additional info
10、rmation (for example, rationale,background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and soforth.) to improve the users understanding and application ofthe criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.1.5 This standard does not pu
11、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F
12、770 Practice for Ownership, Operation, Maintenance, andInspection of Amusement Rides and DevicesF1159 Practice for Design ofAmusement Rides and Devicesthat are Outside the Purview of Other F24 Design Stan-dardsF1193 Practice for Quality, Manufacture, and Constructionof Amusement Rides and DevicesF21
13、37 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristicsof Amusement Rides and Devices2.2 ASTM Technical Publication:3STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7thVolume1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F24 on AmusementRides and Devices and is the direct responsibility
14、 of Subcommittee F24.24 onDesign and Manufacture.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2291 15. DOI:10.1520/F2291-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
15、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.Copyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
17、Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 ACI Standards:4ACI-301 Specifications for Structural ConcreteACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete (ACI-318) and Commentary (318R)2.4 AFPA, American Wood Council Standard:5ND
18、S National Design Standard for ASD DesignNDS 2005 National Design Specification for Wood Con-struction2.5 AISC Manuals:6AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable StressDesign (ASD)AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load 1998 - Hydraulic Fluid Power - General RulesRelating to Systems2.24
19、SAE Standards:25SAE 100R4SAE J518 Hydraulic Flanged Tube, Pipe, and HoseConnections, Four-Bolt Split Flange TypeSAE J833 Human Physical DimensionsSAE J1926 Connections for General Use and Fluid Power-Ports and Stud Ends with ASME B1.1 Threads andO-Ring Sealing Part 3: Light-Duty (L-Series) Stud Ends
20、SAE HS 4000 Fastener Standards2.25 SIA Standards:26SIA 260 Basics of Planning Structural Design ProjectsSIA 261 Actions on Structures2.26 UL Standards:27UL 508A Industrial Control Panels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acceleration, impactthose accelerations wit
21、h dura-tion of less than 200 ms.3.1.2 acceleration, sustainedthose accelerations with du-ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.3.1.3 automatic modeability, after initialization, of theamusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. withlimited or no operator intervention.3.1.4 control statio
22、na location where buttons, switches orother controls are provided for the purpose of operating rideequipment.3.1.5 designer/engineerparty(s) that establishes and de-scribes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,establishes strength and fatigue life, designs and developselectrical/electro
23、nic control systems, and defines inspectioncriteria.3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronicsystems (PES) (E/E/PES)when used in this context, electricalrefers to logic functions performed by electromechanicaltechniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motordriven timers, an
24、d so forth), Electronic refers to logic functionsperformed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid statelogic, solid state relay, and so forth), and ProgrammableElectronic System refers to logic performed by programmableor configurable devices (for example, Programmable LogicController (PLC).
25、Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)assembly of devices or components, or both, working togetherfor protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.3.1.8 fail-safecharacteristic of an amusement ride ordevice, or component thereof, that is des
26、igned such that thenormal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.3.1.9 filter corner frequency (Fn)with reference to alow-pass filter, Fn is the frequency (specified in Hz) where thefrequency response curve of the filter has magnitude of 3 dB.3.1.10 force limitingwhen pertaining to re
27、straint devices,a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force availablefrom the system actuators, limits the amount of force applied tothe patron(s).3.1.11 hand modeability of the amusement ride or deviceto start, operate, move, etc. only with operator intervention.3.1.12 latchingwhen per
28、taining to restraint devices, heldsecure against opening except by intentional action of thepatron, operator, or other means. This can include restraints(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents orother means.3.1.13 lockingwhen pertaining to restraint devices, heldsecurely against o
29、pening except by intentional action of theoperator or other means not accessible by the patron.3.1.14 manual releasewhen pertaining to restraintdevices, a hand or foot operated mechanism that allows foropening the patron restraint.3.1.15 manufacturerparty producing the amusement rideor device, perfo
30、rming major modifications and can include thedesigner/engineer.3.1.16 operating modea defined behavior of an amuse-ment ride or device with a corresponding set of rules orinterlocks that are implemented in control systems as required.3.1.17 patron clearance envelopepatron reach envelopeplus a margin
31、 of 3 in.3.1.18 patron containmentfeatures in an amusement rideor device that accommodate the patron for the purpose ofriding the ride or device. This may include but is not limited to21Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA
32、 19111-509822Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.23Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.24Available from National Fluid Power Association, Inc., 3333 N. Ma
33、yfair Rd.,Milwaukee, WI 532223219.25Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.26Available from Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, Selnaustrasse 16,CH-8027 Zrich.27Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333
34、Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.F2291 163the seats, side walls, walls, or bulkheads ahead of the patron(s),floors, objects within the vicinity of the patron(s), restraintsystems, and cages.3.1.19 patron reach envelopespace a patron could reachduring a ride cycle while properly positioned, as def
35、ined by theride analysis, in the amusement ride or device and limited onlyby the vehicle, seat geometry, and restraint system.3.1.20 previously compliantamusement ride or device, ormajor modification to an amusement ride or device, of whichthe design meets the ASTM Standard in place at the time of i
36、tsdesign.3.1.21 primary circulation areaareas leading directly tothe entrance and exit of a ride that are normally traveled bypatrons. These areas would not include emergency exit routes,maintenance areas, or other areas not normally on the route ofthe patron.3.1.22 restraintsystem, device, or chara
37、cteristic that isintended to inhibit or restrict the movement of the patron(s)while on the amusement ride or device.3.1.23 safety-related control system (SRCS)an assemblyof components that monitor and control the amusement ride ordevice such that it: (1) mitigates hazards to persons; or (2) hasthe c
38、apability to block or otherwise alter the performance ofsystems that implement safety features. Components mayinclude without limitation electronic, electric, electro-mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical devices, orcombinations thereof.3.1.24 service provenan amusement ride, device, or maj
39、ormodification to an amusement ride or device of which (1)unit(s) have been in service to the public for a minimum of fiveyears, and (2) unit(s) that have been in service have done sowithout any significant design related failures or significantdesign related safety issues that have not been mitigat
40、ed.3.1.25 service proven practicea policy or procedure usedin association with an amusement ride or device, which (1) hasbeen in service to the public for a minimum of five years, and(2) has done so without any significant safety related issues thathave not been mitigated.3.1.26 supervising companio
41、na person on a ride or devicewho is qualified by a reasonable age or other means tounderstand rider instructions, assist a patron or child under 48in. in height in complying with rider instructions, and whomeets all other criteria for riding.3.1.27 use casea purpose for which equipment is used byper
42、sons or external systems. Examples of common use casesinclude but are not limited to entertaining patrons, supportingroutine maintenance, and programming for creative intent. Usecases and operating modes may or may not have a one-to-onecorrespondence.3.1.28 zone of operator awarenessarea defined by
43、thesights, sounds, and other stimuli an operator can reasonably beexpected to monitor from their specified location(s) relative tothe amusement ride or device that they are operating. The zoneof operator awareness could include multiple, noncontiguousportions of a ride-vehicle path. Information prov
44、ided by remoteaudio or video monitoring devices may be part of the zone ofoperator awareness.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide designers,engineers, manufacturers, owners, and operators with criteriaand references for use in designing amusement rides anddevices or
45、a major modification for amusement rides ordevices.5. General Design Criteria5.1 Ride Analysis:5.1.1 The designer/engineer shall perform and document aride analysis that illustrates how hazards to persons have beenmanaged. The documentation shall include but not be limitedto the following:5.1.1.1 An
46、 identification of the scope of the analysis. Thescope shall describe the equipment considered by the analysis.The scope shall identify the use cases of the amusement ride ordevice. The scope may be clarified by identifying excludedequipment or scenarios.5.1.1.2 An identification of hazards that inc
47、ludes potentialsources and consequences of harm.5.1.1.3 An identification of hazardous scenarios.(1) Hazardous scenarios shall consider physical areaswhere persons are expected to access.(2) Hazardous scenarios shall consider exposure to hazardsunder all identified use cases.(3) Hazardous scenarios
48、related to maintenance personnelactions shall be restricted to routine, repetitive and essentialprocedures.5.1.1.4 An assessment of hazards that includes a descriptionof how identified hazards are mitigated to an acceptable level.Hazards are mitigated by reducing the severity of the hazard,reducing
49、the probability of occurrence of related hazardousscenarios, or both. Hazards may or may not require mitigation.The assessment of hazards shall consider hazards that arecreated or aggravated by the means of mitigation and thepotential for failure of the means of mitigation. This assess-ment shall include but not be limited to the following:(1) Patron Suitability AssessmentA patron suitabilityassessment shall describe the suitability of the design of theamusement ride or device for the intended patrons, includinganthropometric factors that relate a
